PSYCHOLOGY 201 FINAL

Which psychological perspective focuses on observable behavior and learning?

Behavioral

Which perspective emphasizes unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences?

Psychodynamic

Which perspective focuses on brain, genes, and neurotransmitters?

Biological (Biomedical)

Which perspective studies thoughts and mental processes?

Cognitive

Which perspective emphasizes free will and personal growth?

Humanistic

What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction

What is the independent variable in an experiment?

The variable that is manipulated

What is the control group?

The group that does not receive treatment

Why is random assignment important?

It reduces bias and ensures groups are equal

In a study testing if caffeine improves memory, what is the independent variable?

Caffeine

Which research method studies one individual in depth?

Case study

Which research method observes behavior in natural settings without interference?

Naturalistic observation

Which research method collects data through questions?

Survey

Which method can determine cause and effect?

Experiment

What does a correlation show?

A relationship between variables (not causation)

As ice cream sales increase, crime rates also increase. What type of relationship is this?

Positive correlation

What part of the neuron receives incoming signals?

Dendrites

What part of the neuron sends signals away?

Axon

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Speeds up neural communication

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemical messengers

Which brain area controls higher-order thinking and decision making?

Frontal lobe

Which brain structure regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature?

Hypothalamus

Which brain structure controls balance and coordination?

Cerebellum

Which brain structure is responsible for forming new memories?

Hippocampus

If a patient cannot form new memories after a brain injury, which structure is most likely damaged?

Hippocampus

If a person has trouble walking steadily and maintaining balance, which structure is affected?

Cerebellum

If a person cannot regulate hunger or body temperature, which structure is affected?

Hypothalamus

What is classical conditioning?

Learning through association

What is operant conditioning?

Learning through reinforcement and punishment

If a dog begins to salivate when it hears a bell after the bell has been paired with food, what type of learning is this?

Classical conditioning

In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response

If a student feels anxious when walking into a classroom where they once failed a test, what type of learning is this?

Classical conditioning

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding something pleasant to increase behavior

What is negative reinforcement?

Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior

What is punishment?

Decreasing a behavior

If a child receives candy for cleaning their room, what is this an example of?

Positive reinforcement

If a student studies to avoid failing a test, what is this an example of?

Negative reinforcement

If a teenager loses phone privileges for breaking curfew, what is this an example of?

Punishment

What is observational learning?

Learning by watching others

If a child watches an older sibling cheat on a test and then cheats as well, what type of learning is this?

Observational learning

What type of memory holds information briefly for seconds?

Sensory memory

What type of memory holds information for about 20-30 seconds?

Short-term memory

What type of memory stores information long-term?

Long-term memory

What type of memory involves personal experiences?

Episodic memory

What type of memory involves skills like riding a bike?

Procedural memory

What is chunking?

Grouping information to improve memory

Remembering your last birthday party is an example of what type of memory?

Episodic memory

Knowing how to ride a bike without thinking is an example of what type of memory?

Procedural memory

Which stage of Erikson's theory involves identity vs role confusion?

Adolescence

If a teenager is trying to figure out who they are, they are in which stage?

Identity vs role confusion

Which stage of Piaget's theory occurs from birth to age 2?

Sensorimotor stage

What is a key concept learned in the sensorimotor stage?

Object permanence

If a baby thinks a hidden toy no longer exists, which stage is this?

Sensorimotor stage

What is Kohlberg's preconventional morality?

Moral reasoning based on punishment and reward

If a child behaves well only to avoid punishment, which level is this?

Preconventional morality

Who developed the hierarchy of needs and focused on self-actualization?

Abraham Maslow

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

According to Freud, which part of personality operates on the pleasure principle?

Id

Which part operates on the reality principle?

Ego

Which part represents morality?

Superego

If someone eats junk food because they want it immediately, which part of personality controls this?

Id

If someone chooses not to eat junk food because it is unhealthy, which part controls this?

Superego

If someone balances both desires, which part is playing a role?

Ego

What are defense mechanisms?

Unconscious ways to reduce anxiety

If someone blames a teacher after failing a test, which defense mechanism is this?

Projection

If someone refuses to accept a serious illness, which defense mechanism is this?

Denial

If someone acts like a child when stressed, which defense mechanism is this?

Regression

Which disorder involves excessive worry and fear?

Anxiety disorder

Which disorder involves extreme sadness and loss of interest?

Mood disorder (Depression)

Which disorder involves hallucinations and delusions?

Schizophrenia

If someone hears voices that are not real, which disorder is this a symptom of?

Schizophrenia

If someone feels persistent sadness and hopelessness, which disorder is this a symptom of?

Depression

What is the DSM-5 used for?

Diagnosing psychological disorders

What are the three D's of abnormal behavior?

Dysfunction, Distress, Deviance

Which therapy focuses on unconscious conflicts?

Psychoanalytic therapy

Which therapy focuses on changing behavior?

Behavioral therapy

Which therapy focuses on changing negative thoughts?

Cognitive therapy

Which therapy focuses on personal growth and self-acceptance?

Humanistic therapy

What is reliability in testing?

Consistency

What is validity in testing?

Accuracy

Which test measures general ability?

Intelligence test

Which test predicts future performance?

Aptitude test

Which test measures learned knowledge?

Achievement test

Which test measures personality traits?

Personality test

Who is known for classical conditioning (dogs and bell experiment)?

Ivan Pavlov

Who is known for operant conditioning and reinforcement?

B. F. Skinner

Who is known for observational learning (Bobo doll experiment)?

Albert Bandura

Who developed psychosocial stages of development?

Erik Erikson

Who developed cognitive development stages?

Jean Piaget

Who developed moral development theory?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who developed psychoanalysis and personality structure?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed person-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

Who developed cognitive therapy?

Aaron Beck