Criminal Justice Final

corrections

The three major subsystems of the criminal justice system in the United States are police, courts, and ______.

socio-cultural

_________factors refer to the social and cultural influences that shape an individual’s beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors (e.g., gender, ethnicity, religious beliefs).

the discouragement of future criminal behavior in the person who received punishment

What is specific deterrence?

the protection of individual freedoms

The due process model emphasizes ______.

the hedonistic calculus

The method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs is known as ______.

false

Everyone essentially has the same experience with the criminal justice system, there is little discretion or disparity throughout the system. (True/False)

Correct answer:

Mala Prohibita

Which term refers to acts that are not viewed as inherently bad, but are still criminalized?

Correct answer:

discourage criminal behavior in the public as a whole

The primary goal of general deterrence is to ______.

retribution

Which justification for punishment taps most directly into humankind’s desire for revenge - also known as "just desserts"?

Mala in se

Which term refers to acts that are viewed as inherently evil and are classified as serious crimes?

crime control

The ______ model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe, well-ordered society.

Dark Figure of Crime

What is the term criminologists use to describe the total number of unreported crimes?

the Positivist School

The belief that human behavior is caused by forces outside an individual's control is associated with ______.

half

Findings from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) estimate that approximately ______ of all victimizations go unreported.

severe

Beccaria argued that a system of punishment should include punishment that is known, swift, certain, and ______.

True

The Classical School of thought was founded on the belief that human beings are rational, and we possess and exercise free will. (True/False)

incapacitation

The justification for punishment that is focused on protecting the community (i.e., potential future victims) by removing dangerous individuals from the community is called___________.

restoration

rehabilitation

The ______ justification for punishment, which views criminals as people in need of treatment, aims to address underlying causes of antisocial behavior and treat the issues to prevent future deviance.

True

Case law (or precedent) comes from decisions made by judges.(True/False)

The cruel and unusual punishment clause appears in the

The cruel and unusual punishment clause appears in the

Harms and needs

Obligations

Engagement

What are the three pillars of restorative justice? Select the three correct answers.

Double jeopardy

Which of the following prohibits the government from prosecuting an individual twice for the same crime?

Constitutional law

Which of the following is considered the highest source of law in the country?

common law.

The practice of transforming unwritten local customs into written codes of behavior for the entire country established the English tradition of

True

All laws in the United States must abide by the U.S. Constitution.(True/False)

Procedural law

____________ describes the processes and actions that must be followed when carrying out the law.

rule of law.

The term used to illustrate that the law applies to everyone, even to government bodies, is called

Correct answer:

M'Naghten Rule.

The first legal definition of insanity (when used as a defense plea) was/is known as the___________.

strict liability.

The category of crimes that do not require intent to be present to be held liable are called

Civil law

_______________________governs relationships between parties, such as divorces, wills, and individual lawsuits.

principle of legality

The ____________ states that the government cannot punish individuals for wrongdoing unless a law exists to define the conduct as a crime and to prescribe a punishment for it.

Voluntary intoxication

All of the following would be possible defenses under the "justification" defense, except:

exclusionary rule.

Searches and seizures that violate Fourth Amendment (meaning evidence is obtained illegally) are subject to the

Sixth Amendment.

The rights to speedy, public, and impartial trials and trials by jury are covered in the

Correct answer:

ex post facto

The________ provision prohibits retroactive laws.

Police Subculture

What two-word term refers to the view of the world (and their internal beliefs and norms) shared by police officers? 

Internal Affairs

What is the two-word name for the specialized unit within a police agency that investigates allegations of crime and misconduct by other police offers? 

Which of the following is the standard of proof that police must meet in order to secure a warrant?

Law Enforcement

Apprehending and arresting individuals falls under which primary function of police work?

Which of the following is not a potential police specialization area?

Use of Force Continuum

This tool is used by police agencies and officers to determine the appropriate response to a subject’s resistance or aggression:

True

Cybercrime poses challenges for police, who may not have the resources or expertise to investigate it(T/F)

The blue wall of silence

What term refers to police officers’ unwillingness to take action against other officers due to mistrust of their superiors and fear of alienating their brother and sister officers?

Local law enforcement

________________are police whose jurisdiction is limited to the borders of the town or city that hires them.

Service

Traffic control, funeral escorts, and responding to accident scenes fall under which primary function of police work?

Correct answer:

Community Policing

School Resource Officers, Foot Patrol, and more specifically the Houston Homeless Policing Initiative, are examples of what policing strategy? 

Chain of Command

What term refers to the hierarchy (or who reports to whom) within police departments? 

Deterrence

Active patrol is seen as a means of preventing crime, this also known as:

Order Maintenance

Taking care of situations to maintain and/or restore order falls under which primary function of police work?

indeterminate sentencing

In ______________________ judges sentence a defendant to a minimum and maximum range of time.

False

The U.S. Supreme Court must hear all cases that come before it.(T/F)

peremptory challenge

Under a __________________ lawyers may dismiss a limited number of jurors based on reasons that do not need to be specified to the court.

adversarial system of justice

A tenet of the state and federal court systems is the ___________________- meaning that it relies on two opposing parties, and the judge or jury are the neutral bodies that determine the outcome of the case. 

True

The vast majority of convictions in the court system are achieved through plea agreements.(T/F)

Initial appearance

At what stage are defendants informed of the charges against them, a bail decision is made, representation by a defense attorney is arranged (if applicable), and a date is set for the next stage in the case?

Correct answer:

circumstantial evidence.

The type of evidence that implies or infers guilt on the part of the defendant is called

Bench trial

This term refers to a trial that occurs in front of just a judge, rather than a jury trial.

assembly-line justice

The term __________________ refers to the movement of large caseloads through the court spending little time on cases so that each case is handled in a quick and efficient manner in order to move on to the next.

True

The majority of individuals being held in jails have not yet been convicted on their current charges and are awaiting trial.(T/F)

preliminary hearing

A(n) ________________ occurs when a lower-court judge views the evidence against the defendant to determine if there is enough probable cause to proceed to trial. Or stated differently, that there is enough evidence to show that a crime likely occurred and the defendant is likely the one who did it.

True

The United States has what is called a dual-court system.(T/F)

Correct answer:

voir dire.

The questioning of the jury pool is called

appellate jurisdiction

Courts with ________________ only hear cases that did not originate there and they are reviewing decisions from a lower court. 

Sentencing guidelines

This term refers to the matrix judges use to determine a defendant's sentence.

Industrial Era

This era focused on using convict labor to create goods that could be sold on the open market.

Penitentiary Era

Influenced by the incapacitation and deterrence philosophies, this era marked the development of the formal penal/prison system.

Reentry Era

This current era is focused on assisting individuals being released from prison.

Reform Era

Concerned with the harsh conditions of early prisons, this era attempted to bring a more humanitarian approach to prisons.

Retributive Era

This era was focused on lengthier prison sentences and more severe penalties.

True

In early corrections abandoned ships, called hulks, were used in Europe to house incarcerated men, women, and children.(T/F)

Correct answer:

Sentencing guidelines

This term refers to the matrix judges use to determine a defendant's sentence.

Whose obligations are these?

What are their needs?

Who has been harmed?

What are the three questions asked in restorative justice? (select the three correct answers)

Correct answer:

co-occurring disorders

Incarcerated individuals with ________________ are those who can be classified as having both substance abuse and mental health problems.

False

The majority of individuals being held in jails have been convicted on their current charges and are serving their sentence.(T/F)

True

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world.(T/F)

Pennsylvania Model

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world.

Auburn Model

While this penitentiary style enforced strict silence, it did allow inmates to congregate for both times of work and meals.

Minimum security

These facilities are the most open and generally hold individuals convicted of nonviolent offenses.

Medium security

These facilities hold a diverse inmate population and have a variety of architectural styles. Some degree of movement is allowed.

Maximum security

These facilities tend to hold the most violent and disruptive individuals. Individual movement is highly restricted.

Correct answer:

Trans-institutionalization

______________ is when an inmate is first in a hospital setting, released, and then re-confined by the criminal justice system.

Convict leasing

____________ was a method of prisoner labor used by southern prisons and was essentially slavery by another name.

indeterminate sentencing

In ______________________ judges sentence a defendant to a minimum and maximum range of time.

Adjudication

This term used in the juvenile justice system is the counterpart to a trial or finding of guilt in the adult system.

Intensive supervision

__________is a form of probation (or parole) that requires more frequent contacts between offenders and their supervising officers than regular probation, and typically involves more conditions of supervision. 

Correct answer:

parole

Individuals on ____________ have been released from correctional institutions prior to the completion of their maximum sentence and must abide by their conditions of supervision to remain in the community.

Correct answer:

halfway houses

Residential programs that serve as temporary housing for released inmates as they adjust to living in the community are referred to as____________.

Transfer

_______________ is a process whereby someone who is legally a juvenile is determined to be beyond the help of the juvenile justice system and sent to the adult criminal court process.

Statutory exclusion / legislative waiver

___________ refers to the determination made by the state legislature that certain offenses committed by juveniles will automatically go to adult court for processing.

disposition

In juvenile court, the ____________ is the equivalent to a sentence in an adult court.

Roper v Simmons

In the ___________ case, the Supreme Court ruled that sentencing juveniles to the death penalty was a violation of the 8th amendment.

Correct answer:

House arrest

______________ is a specified period of time during which offenders may not leave their places of residence except for previously approved activities.

presentence investigation

The probation officer produces a _____________ report by request of the court to assist in determining the most appropriate sentence for a particular offender.

proof beyond a reasonable doubt

The case In re Winship ruled that the ________________standard applied to juvenile cases.

Correct answer:

day reporting centers.

Nonresidential programs that require individuals to report on a daily or very frequent basis are called

Parens patriae

_________________ is the basic philosophy of the juvenile court system, emphasizing a role of the state as parent. 

Correct answer:

status offenses.

Offenses or actions that are only illegal for juveniles are called__________

Correct answer:

Aftercare

_________refers to the supervision of a juvenile upon their release from a residential placement facility (similar to parole in the adult system).

standard conditions.

Conditions of supervision that are required for all individuals placed on community supervision are called

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

In ______________, the Supreme Court ruled that in juvenile cases, there is no need for a jury trial to ensure fairness.