Ch. 13 Properties of Solutions

Entropy

A measure of the degree of disorder in a system; increases with mixing.

Like dissolves like

A principle stating that polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.

Enthalpy

The total energy of a system including internal energy and the energy associated with the pressure and volume.

Dynamic equilibrium

A state in which the rate of crystallization equals the rate of dissolving, with no net change in concentration.

Colligative properties

Properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, not the identity of the solute.

Henry’s Law

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the solution.

Osmosis

The net movement of solvent from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane.

Crenation

The process where red blood cells shrink due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.

Hemolysis

The rupture of red blood cells due to excess water absorption in a hypotonic solution.

Tyndall effect

The scattering of light by colloidal particles, making the mixture appear cloudy.

Hydrophilic

Describes molecules or parts of molecules that interact favorably with water.

Hydrophobic

Describes molecules or parts of molecules that do not interact favorably with water.

Brownian motion

The random movement of colloidal particles caused by collisions with solvent molecules.

Boiling point elevation

The increase in boiling point of a solvent when a solute is dissolved in it.

Freezing point depression

The decrease in freezing point of a solvent when a solute is dissolved in it.

Osmotic pressure

The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent into a solution through osmosis.

Ideal solution

A solution that follows Raoult's law, showing uniformity in solute-solvent interactions.

what does salt do to boiling pt and freezing pt of water

lowers freezing point, raises boiling point

As concentration of solute in increased what happens to freezing pt of solution and vapor pressure

freezing pt decreases. vapor pressure decreases. vap bc It turns out that having a nonvolatile solute in the liquid will decrease the vapor pressure of the liquid because the solutes will interfere with the high-energy liquid molecules' path to the surface to break free into the gaseous phase

how to tell which liquid will have lowest freezing point

To compare freezing points, we need to know the total concentration of all particles when the solute has been dissolved. Remember, the greater the concentration of particles, the lower the freezing point will be.

osmotic pressure of strong electrolytes

To compare freezing points, we need to know the total concentration of all particles when the solute has been dissolved. Remember, the greater the concentration of particles, the lower the freezing point will be.