HS 3810 Study set with 100% accurate solutions + rationales

Based on their funding, which of the following is not a main model of healthcare?

Select one:

a. Beveridge Model

b. Primary Health Care Model

c. Bismarck Model

d. Private Insurance Model

e. All of the above are main models of healthcare

b. Primary Health Care Model

Healthcare systems are aiming for which of the following:

Select one:

a. Access

b. Quality of Care

c. Cost Efficiency

d. A & B only

e. All of the Above

e. All of the Above

'Public' or Beveridge Healthcare systems in general spend less of their Gross National Product (GNP) as a percentage than Bismarckian Systems.

True

Which of the following is not a main goal of the health system, according to the WHO.

Select one:

a. Social Integration

b. Improving Health Status

c. Improving Health Equity

d. Greater access and Coverage

e. All of the Above

a. Social Integration

We have no method of evaluating the quality or efficacy of healthcare systems.

False

According to your readings, the Bismarck system is the top performing system, objectively speaking.

False

A good health financing system does which of the following:

Select one:

a. Provides equitable access to essential medicines

b. Protects citizens from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay health fees

c. Provides incentives for providers and users to be more efficient

d. All of the above

e. Both B & C only

e. Both B & C only

Which of the following is not one of the six-building blocks of healthcare systems, according to the WHO:

Select one:

a. Service Delivery

b. Health Workforce

c. Health Information

d. Leadership & Governance

e. All of the above are one of the 6 building blocks of healthcare systems

e. All of the above are one of the 6 building blocks of healthcare systems

The Beveridge Report discusses mainly the disease burden of the early 20th century and how to control disease through strategically placed medical services.

False

Which, according to your readings, is not a principle of the Canada Health Act of 1984?

Select one:

a. Universality

b. Comprehensiveness

c. Accessibility

d. Publicly Administered

e. Lowering the Disease Burden

e. Lowering the Disease Burden

Match the term to the following definition: The context that determines whether there is a perception of a crisis situation or not. In the event of a crisis, or a perceived crisis, there is a strong pressure for reform and immediate action.

Select one:

a. Environmental Context

b. Political Context

c. Agenda-Setting Context

d. Policy Characteristics

e. Socio-economic Context

c. Agenda-Setting Context

Which, according to your readings, and in line with the Social Determinants of Health, is the chief concern of the Beveridge Report?

Select one:

a. Lowering the Disease Burden

b. Strategic Placement of Medical Services

c. Employment and Income

d. A & B only

e. All of the Above

c. Employment and Income

According to your readings, the 'Social Gradient' is possibly the most significant contribution of Public Health to research on inequality. The Social Gradient demonstrates that 'status effects health at all levels- from absolute poverty through to relative wealth (Marmot, 2010).'

True

SHI systems are often applauded as being static and high functioning outside of societal characteristics.

False

As characterized by the relatively recent health care reforms in the Czech Republic, Healthcare systems work best when built and maintained outside of the influence of politics and culture.

False

Healthcare systems, by design, can and have successfully incorporated characteristics from both the Beveridge and Bismarck models of healthcare financing and delivery.

True

The Czech Republic has used a National Health Insurance mode since 1992.

False

Which of the following could be considered a key critique of the SHI model within the context of achieving Universal Health Coverage in low-and middle-income countries, as demonstrated in Kyrgzstan since 1997?

Select one:

a. Universality

b. Equity

c. Comprehensiveness

d. Equality

e. Access

b. Equity

Which of the following countries does not use a (or a form of a) Social Health Insurance as a model of health care?

Select one:

a. Britain

b. Germany

c. Latvia

d. Netherlands

e. Luxembourg

a. Britain

Which of the following are not one of 'attractive structural characteristics of and SHI system'?

Select one:

a. seemingly private in both funding and delivery of services

b. seemingly self-regulating

c. seemingly perceived as stable in organization and financial terms

d. seemingly free of need for societal characteristic integration

e. All of the Above are attractive structural characteristics

d. seemingly free of need for societal characteristic integration

Which of following is an ear-mark characteristic of the health financing reform in the 1990s?

Select one:

a. Employee contributions began

b. Became Publicly-funded

c. Single-payer system introduced

d. Redistributive tax policy introduced

e. All of the Above were instituted

c. Single-payer system introduced

In which declaration was Primary Health Care articulated as a way to unify thinking about health within a single policy framework?

Select one:

a. Ottawa Charter, 1986

b. Alma Ata, 1978

c. Montreal Declaration, 2010

d. Basel Convention, 1989

e. Stockholm Convention, 2004

b. Alma Ata, 1978

According to your readings, 'the provision to be made for childhood represents the largest and most growing element in any social insurance scheme.'

False

Key Factors in the making of health policy, according to the work of Grindle and Thomas (1991) are: environmental context, agenda setting circumstances, and the policy characteristics.

True

The National Health Service (NHS) is the pioneer of universal, publicly financed health insurance, and can likely be credited with much of the improvement in health of the British population since its inception.

True

Within The Beveridge Model, there is an insistence that it is the full duty of the state, and the state alone, to ensure optimal health of its citizens.

False

Which, according to your readings, is not a consideration, particularly in low-income countries, in the building of a healthcare system?

Select one:

a. Political actors

b. Strength of Civil Society Engagement

c. Technical Analysis Power and Position

d. Accountability Systems

e. All of the Above are considerations

e. All of the Above are considerations

The cornerstone of a successful SHI system, as in Germany, is that all rules, policies, and procedures are written and enshrined in law.

True

Match the term to the following definition: The individual characteristics of policy elites such as their ideological predispositions, professional commitments, loyalties, and personal attributes and goals.

Select one:

a. Environmental Context

b. Political Context

c. Agenda-Setting Context

d. Policy Characteristics

e. Socio-economic Context

a. Environmental Context

According to your readings, the 'principle virtue' of the Canadian Health Care System is that it has been universal from its inception.

False

The National Health Service (NHS) of the United States was created by an Act in 1921 based on the recommendations of Sir William Beveridge.

False

Healthcare Systems in different countries are strongly influenced by the underlying norms and values prevailing in respective societies.

True

In a SHI system, the state is not seen as the owner of the social security structures, but rather as their guardian and administrator.

True

Which, according to your readings, is the 'principle virtue' of the Beveridge Report?

Select one:

a. It has been Universal from its inception

b. It is tax-financed

c. It supports rehabilitative care

d. A & B only

e. A & C only

a. It has been Universal from its inception

Match the term to the following definition: Whether arenas of conflict in reform are public or bureaucratic; and the resources for implementation and sustainability.

Select one:

a. Environmental Context

b. Political Context

c. Agenda-Setting Context

d. Policy Characteristics

e. Socio-economic Context

d. Policy Characteristics

In 2000 the United States spent considerably more on health care than any other country, whether measured per capita or as a percentage of GDP.

True

Out of Pocket expenditure or 'User Fees' have very little impact on people living in poverty due to the substantive social safety nets in place in Cambodia

False

Which of the following is not a reason that the Chinese government instituted the practice of training "Barefoot Doctors"

Select one:

a. To prioritize rural health

b. To reduce the cost of health

c. To address physician under supply in rural areas

d. To support the market-based health care reforms

e. All of the above are reasons

d. To support the market-based health care reforms

Which of the following are not examples of how people can pay for their 'Out of Pocket' health care costs?

Select one:

a. Charitable donations

b. Non-Government Organizations

c. Borrow from Family

d. Bank loans

e. All of the above are examples

e. All of the above are examples

Consumer education, which is often advocated for, supposes that after objective information is provided, the population will be able to make better decisions about which health service to access. However, for various reasons, including the anxiety associated with sickness and the related decision-making processes while under duress.

True

The objective of your reading on Out of Pocket payments in Cambodia was mainly to "gain solid quantitative understanding of how out-of-pocket payments for health care may affect all residents' lives."

False

According to one of your readings (Anderson et al), written prior to the installation of the Affordable Care Act, the United States had much higher health spending, but a lower use of health services when compared to other OECD countries.

True

Prior to 1978, China had a heavily market-based health care system, with 'Barefoot Doctors' and other social issues resulting.

False

It was estimated that the overall number of uninsured people in California in 2016 would fall by 10 million with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2014. True or False?

False

According to at least one model, almost half (44%) of US adults (ages 19-46 years of age) were underinsured or uninsured in 2010, at the beginning of the early implementation of the Affordable Care Act in the USA. True or False?

True

Which of the following is a mandate of the Affordable Care Act of the United States of America?

Select one:

a. That most Americans purchase health insurance

b. Subsidy provisions- making insurance more affordable

c. Basic income provisions for all Americans

d. Both A&B

e. Both B & C

d. Both A&B

According to your readings, race and ethnicity are not a determinant of accessing health care in the United State of America. True or False?

False

Which of the following is true of the of the uninsured in the United States during the early implementation of the Affordable Care Act in the USA in 2010?

Select one:

a. 4 in 10 uninsured adults with at least 1 chronic condition reported skipping doses or not filling prescriptions because of cost

b. The uninsured were significantly less likely to receive recommended preventative care (e.g. cancer screening)

c. 5/10 adults were uninsured by voluntary drop-out of the universal Medicaid provision

d. Both A&B

e. All of the above

d. Both A&B

According to at least one model, the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in the state of California, which groups of people would be most likely to remain uninsured under the act?

Select one:

a. Americans that have to buy it for themselves (don't have insurance through work)

b. Some Americans that had coverage before the Act, but then lost it

c. Undocumented immigrants

d. Both A&B

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following is true of the health care system in the United States at the beginning of the early implementation of the Affordable Care Act in the state of California?

Select one:

a. health care costs were rising faster than incomes

b. Insurance premiums were being driven up, with deductibles doubling in a majority of states

c. all Americans were covered by some form of state insurance

d. Both A&B

e. All of the above

d. Both A&B

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 in the United States of America is the most fundamental transformation of the US health care system in the last 40 years. True or False?

True

In 1995, Taiwan inaugurated compulsory universal health insurance financed mainly by payroll tax, and some cost-sharing.

True

The main principles of the Semashko model of health care are:

Select one:

a. Free access to medical services

b. Equity in distribution of medical provision

c. Equity in distribution of physicians on the entire territory

d. All of the Above

e. A & B only

d. All of the Above

After the fall of the Soviet Union, Central and Eastern European countries have maintained the fundamental systems architecture and health policy from the soviet area until present day.

False

In 1995, Taiwan enacted a National Health Insurance scheme earmarked by a single payer system and uniform fee schedules.

True

Which of the following were political goals of the Romanian Heath care reform?

Select one:

a. Free access to medical services

b. Improve health status of the population

c. Improve efficiency in the use of resources

d. All of the Above

e. B & C only

e. B & C only

Which of the following is used to describe a group of the largest and most promising emerging markets outside the established, post-war, high income economies?

Select one:

a. G7

b. G20

c. United Nations Security Council

d. UNDP

e. BRIC

e. BRIC

The milestones achieved by _______ countries in health care accessibility include ___________, and _____________________.

Select one:

a. BRIC, expansion of coverage, expansion of services covered

b. G20, expansion of budgets, expansion of services covered

c. G7, expansion of budgets, expansion of budgets

d. UNDP, expansion of powers, development of a single payer system

e. UN Security Council, expansion of powers, expansion of services

a. BRIC, expansion of coverage, expansion of services covered

Which of the following is not an objective of the health care reforms in Taiwan in 1995?

Select one:

a. to provide equal access to adequate health care for all citizens

b. to control health care costs at a reasonable level

c. to provide stronger vaccination coverage in rural populations

d. to promote efficient use of health care resources

e. Both B & C

c. to provide stronger vaccination coverage in rural populations

In the market-based health care system, the ability to pay for a health service is directly linked to your health seeking behavior.

True

It was projected that all families in California would see a reduction in their insurance costs, with lower taxes and personal contributions to insurance, due to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2014

False

Which of the following is not a reason that the Chinese government instituted the practice of training "Barefoot Doctors"

Select one:

a. To prioritize rural health

b. To reduce the cost of health

c. To address physician under supply in rural areas

d. To support the market-based health care reforms

e. All of the above are reasons

d. To support the market-based health care reforms

Anecdotal evidence does suggest that the poorest households also have to pay the highest interest rates on health-care related loans, in comparison to non-poor households.

True

Which of the following is the most common way to measure health care spending?

Select one:

a. United States Dollar

b. Great British Pound

c. Public Spending

d. Private Spending

e. As a % of the GDP

e. As a % of the GDP

According to at least one model, which of the following were benefits that Californians could expect through the health reforms initiated by the Affordable Care Act?

Select one:

a. Expansion of access to health insurance and health care

b. An increase in quality of services

c. A Universal Health Coverage whereby no American is left uninsured

d. Both A&B

e. All of the above

a. Expansion of access to health insurance and health care

According to one of your readings (Anderson et al), written prior to the installation of the Affordable Care Act, the United States had much higher health spending per capita because of the higher use of health services when compared to other OECD countries.

False

A case study on out-of-pocket payments in Cambodia demonstrated that even a short disease episode (like Dengue) in a young child can cause catastrophic health expenditures leading to debt in households, often disproportionately affecting poor households in both cost and frequency.

True

In 1995, Taiwan enacted a National Health Insurance scheme which actually led to an increase in physician visits even within the group of previously insured patients.

True

Prior to 1978, China had a heavily market-based health care system, with 'Barefoot Doctors' and other social issues resulting.

False

The goal of Taiwan's health care reform in 1995 was to establish an effective and socially affordable universal health insurance.

True

According to your readings, the major forces underlying Taiwan's universal health insurance reform was economic and political rather than of health needs.

True

Out of pocket payments create financial barriers to accessing health services.

True

After the disintegration of the Former Soviet Union, in 1992, some of the former soviet states, such as Georgia, experienced a decentralization of their health care system towards a market-based system.

True

According to at least one model, indicated that the risk of being underinsured or uninsured was stronger in populations closest to the poverty line in 2010, before the inception of the Affordable Care Act in the USA. True or False?

True

Health care systems are static. They fundamental underpinnings are often unchangeable, often acting as a "check and balance" against the electorate, with the political arm disallowed to influence policy or system change.

False

Significant differences in health status exist between population groups in China.

True

Which of the following are highlighted as areas for equity concern within the Swedish health care system?

Select one:

a. Wait times for consultations and treatment

b. Lack of patient centeredness of care

c. Distribution of services

d. All of the above

e. Both A & B

d. All of the above

Sweden has a decentralized health care system.

True

A legacy of racial discrimination in medical research and the health care system in the United States has been linked to a low level of trust in medical research and medical care among African Americans.

True

Based on your readings around Race and trust in Healthcare, which of the following we found to be true?

Select one:

a. Black or African American respondents were less likely to trust their physician

b. Black or African American respondents were more likely to trust their health insurance plans

c. Black or African American respondents were less likely to trust hospitals

d. All of the above

e. Both A & B

e. Both A & B

Japan successfully reached full health insurance coverage of its population while it was still relatively poor. This occurred in 1961 when Japan had a Gross Domestic Product half the size of Great Britain.

True

Which of the following are earmarks of the Japanese effort to incrementally address and improve the equity in the social insurance system?

Select one:

a. Implementing cross subsidies and tax transfers that contribute to income redistribution and risk pooling

b. Implementing a single reimbursement fee schedule for all physicians and patients

c. Expanding health coverage population group by population group through policies designed specifically for each group

d. All of the above

e. Both A & B

e. Both A & B

Match the following definition with the correct key concept below: "One aspect of the larger concept of equity, this concept implies fair arrangements that allow equal geographic, economic, and cultural access to available services for all in equal need of care."

Select one:

a. Health Equity

b. Social inequities in health

c. Actions to promote health equity

d. Equity in health care

e. None of the above

d. Equity in health care

Which of the following is not one of the 3 MDGs directly related to health?

Select one:

a. Health System Strengthening

b. Combatting HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

c. Reducing child mortality

d. Improving Maternal Health

e. All of the above are an MDG directly related to health

a. Health System Strengthening

SDH number 3 is the only goal directly related to health, and it aims to "Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages."

True

According to the WHO, which of the following health related targets outlined by the MDGs have been met?

Select one:

a. Halting and reversing the Global Epidemic of HIV, Tuberculosis, and malaria

b. Over 90% of the global population using an improved drinking water source

c. a 50% reduction in the global prevalence of underweightedness in children aged less than 5

d. All of the above have been achieved at the Global level

e. A & B only

e. A & B only

Which of the following is not one of the SDG Health Targets under SDG 3?

Select one:

a. By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

b. Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

c. By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

d. All of the above are SDH Health Targets under SDG 3

e. A & B only

d. All of the above are SDH Health Targets under SDG 3

In 2015 the UN Millennium Declarations was signed by 189 countries, and became 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for development and poverty eradication.

False

Which of the following is a critique of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

Select one:

a. Weak focus on health system building

b. Strong focus on vertical programming

c. A Gender-biased approach

d. All of the above

e. Both a & b

e. Both a & b

In 2015 the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were poised to take over where the MDGs left off. To do this, the SDGs reiterate the same emphasis on vertical programming to achieve health for all.

False

As demonstrated by the case study on the high level health reform in Kazakhstan, the WHO/World Bank/ Global Fund health policy Monitoring Framework is a solid 'pre-packaged' toolkit for the monitoring and evaluation of health reform. This toolkit, by virtue of its global design requires little to no tailoring and can be applied to just about any middle-income country context.

False

Which of the following are not one of 'attractive structural characteristics of and SHI system'?

Select one:

a. seemingly private in both funding and delivery of services

b. seemingly self-regulating

c. seemingly perceived as stable in organization and financial terms

d. seemingly free of need for societal characteristic integration

e. All of the Above are attractive structural characteristics

d. seemingly free of need for societal characteristic integration

According to your readings, the 'Social Gradient' is possibly the most significant contribution of Public Health to research on inequality. The Social Gradient demonstrates that 'status effects health at all levels- from absolute poverty through to relative wealth (Marmot, 2010).'

True

'Public' or Beveridge Healthcare systems in general spend less of their Gross National Product (GNP) as a percentage than Bismarckian Systems.

True

Out of Pocket expenditure or 'User Fees' have very little impact on people living in poverty due to the substantive social safety nets in place in Cambodia

False