Middle East

al-Aziz ibn Saud

• Tried unifying Arabia => renamed Saudi Arabia

• No practice of democracy in Saudi Arabia

• Saudi Arabia taken under Islamic law

• Modernization in Saudi Arabia was limited

• There was no practice of democracy in Saudi Arabia

Amritsar Massacre

• Over 1,000 casualties, including 400 deaths, while protesting the Rowlatt Acts

• Sparked nationalism in India

Chinese Civil War

• Fought between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang (Nationalist group)

• Began after the Shanghai Massacre/coup

• Chinese Communist Party (CCP) won

• 1928-1937 ; 1945-1949 (it was paused because Japan invaded)

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

• Began in 1921 under Russian influence (comintern)

• One of founders => Mao Ze Dong

• Envisioned a peasant/rural revolution (different from Lenin)

• Dedicated to:

  • Land reforms

  • Literacy

  • Healthcare

• Will defeat Kuomintang in 1949 (Chinese Civil War)

Civil disobedience

• Deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, non-violence as the means to achieve independence

• Ex: Strikes, boycotts, refusal to pay taxes, marches

Indian National Congress

• Nationalist Groups (1885)

• Led by figures like Nehru and Gandhi

• Became central force in movement for self-rule

• Did not want to partition India

Israel/Palestine

• Consisted of Israel, Weak Bank, Gaza Strip

• Jews were driven out of the area by 135 C.E.

• The defeat of Ottomans gave control of this area (Palestine) to the League of Nations (Britain)

• The Balfour Declaration promoted the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Jiang Jie shi

• Feared Communists’ goal of creating Socialist economy

• Promised democracy and political rights to Chinese => led to corrupt and non-democratic government as the Leader of Nationalist Party

• Betrayed Sun’s democratic ideals

• Sun gave him power because he was a general with military support => instead, he tried to create his own dynasty

Kuomintang (Nationalists)

• Name for the Nationalist Party

• Pushed for modernization and nationalism

• One leader is Sun Yi Xian

• Fought against the CCP in Chinese Civil War

Long March

• 6,000 mile journey that CCP took to avoid being defeated by Nationalist Party

• Approximately 10,000 of original 100,000 survived

• After Shanghai Massacre

Mao Zedong

• China’s greatest revolutionary leader

• Leader of the CCP

May Fourth Movement

• Event showed the Chinese people’s commitment to the goal of establishing a strong/modern nation

• Upset over the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

• Will promote the CCP over Sun’s version or western democracy

Mohandas K. Gandhi

• “Mahatma” (Great soul)

• Civil Disobedience - deliberate and public refusal to obey unjust laws through non-cooperation

  • Boycotts: British goods, schools, and taxes

  • Strikes: refusal to work to slow economy

• Salt March (1930)

  • 240 mile trek to seacoast

  • Protest against buying government salt

• 1935: Government in India Act (limited self-rule)

• 1/30/1948: Assassinated

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• Wants to create separate state for Hindus and Muslims (Pakistan)

• Thought the two religions are too different from each other and should be separated

Muslim League

• Founded to protect Muslim interests

• Lead by Mohammad Jinnah

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

• Ataturk (father of Turks)

• Became the first president of Turkey

• Kemal reformed the government to include:

  • Separated Islamic and State laws

  • Created court system based on European law, not Shari’s

  • Woman’s suffrage (right to vote)

• Headed Turkey

  • Ottoman Empire was forced to give up all of its territories except for Turkey

  • Nationalists overthrew the last Sultan

Northern Expedition

• 1925: Kuomintang and CCP cooperate to defeat warlords

• Goal:

  • End rule of warlords in China

  • Unify China

• Kuomintang now under leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek (Sun’s brother in law)

• Soviets provided weapons and training

Partition

• Divided India into Hindu and Muslim states

• Jinnah and Nehru had opposite opinions about it

Qing

• Last Dynasty before the the revolution in China

• Overthrown by Kuomintang - led by Sun

Reza Shah Pahlavi

• Made reforms:

  • Public schools

  • Womans rights (not voting)

  • Roads and railroads

• Leader of Persia

  • 1921: nationalists revolted against British

  • Persia became IRAN in 1935

Rowlatt Acts

• Passed to curb dissent (Indians are upset over the British breaking their promises)

• Protesters could be jailed for up to 2 years without trial

Salt March

• 240 mile trek to seacoast

• Protest against buying government salt

Secular

• Focusing on this life and not the religious after-life (Turkey)

Shanghai Coup

• Massacre

• Nationalist Party turning against CCP

• Sparked Chinese Civil War

• Made Soviet Union not recognize the new government headed by Jiang Jieshi

Shari’a

• Islamic Law (Saudi Arabia)

Sun Yat-sen (Yixian)

• Considered most important revolution leader and “father of modern China”

• Attracted to western ideas but distrusted westerners

• Goals:

  • Established democracy

  • Expel foreigners

• October 10, 1911 => overthrow Qing dynasty

• Became the president and declared Republic of ChinaSun’s 3 Principles

• Jan 1, 1912: Republic of China formed

Sun’s 3 Principles

1. Nationalism

2. People’s Rights

3. People’s Livelihood

Sykes-Picot Agreement

• Secret treaty between Britain and France

• Split the Middle East

• Created “mandate” system – continued imperialism in the region

Warlordism

• When Yuan Shikai died => authority fell to warlords

• Ruled through military force

• Defeated in the Northern Expedition

Yuan Shikai

• Powerful general and member of Qing court

• Agreement: Qing Dynasty will step down if Yuan becomes President

• Tried to create new imperial dynasty

• Banned the Kuomintang

• Died in 1916: Civil War broke out

• Result = Warlodism

Why was China “ripe” for a revolution in 1911?

Foreign countries were invading China (Chinese lost trust with foreigners) - they were upset that China was being carved up and the QIng were not doing anything about it

Modernization vs. tradition - The Qing were not doing either: there was a lot of debate/confusion over whether or not China should modernize to become like the west or continue their traditions

Mandate of Heaven: The Chinese felt that the Qing had lost their right to rule the people by interpreting wars/famines as signs from the heavens that China was due for a new ruling family

Explain civil disobedience.  How did Gandhi effectively use it?

Deliberate and public refusal to obey unjust laws through non-cooperation

Gandhi would use it so that it would show the world how the British were the ‘bad guys’ and harming Indians. 

Boycotts: refuse to buy British goods, attend British schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections

Strikes: stopped working at jobs=damaging British economy

Salt march: (1930) walking 240miles to nearby seacoast to collect own salt

Gandhi taught Indians that 300 million of them could not be controlled by 100,000 Englishmen if Indians refused to cooperate

Explain how WWI shaped the creation of 1) communist China, 2) independent India, and 3) the modern Middle East?  Explain using several examples

1. Treaty of Versailles => giving Shandong to Japan (China feeling betrayed) => May Fourth movement which rejected western ways of democracy in favor of communism (Soviet Union was new and hadn’t betrayed China yet so people looked to it as an example of where China could go)

2. 1million Indian soldiers fought in WW1 but Britain didn’t give Indians self-government and people got upset and realized the British were exploiting them.  When they protested, the British responded with the Rowlatt Acts and Amritsar Massacre.  This made Indians nationalistic and willing to peacefully protest for independence.

3. The Ottoman Empire collapsed and most of the land was given up to Britain and France while one remained: Turkey. The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret agreement between Britain and France where they split the Middle East into different sections without looking at local realities.