Theorists/Theories

Who developed Psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud developed Psychoanalysis.

Core idea of Freud’s theory?

Unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences shape behavior.

What are Freud’s id, ego, and superego?

Id = instincts (child), Ego = reality (adult), Superego = morals (parent).

Id wants it, Superego judges it, Ego manages it.

Who developed Individual Psychology?

Alfred Adler developed Individual Psychology.

Core idea of Adlerian therapy?

People strive for significance and overcome inferiority feelings; Emphasized social connectedness - feeling connected, cooperative, and contributing to others; Adler: from inferiority → toward significance → through belonging and contribution.

What is Adler known for?

Inferiority complex, birth order, social interest.

Who developed Analytical Psychology?

Carl Jung developed Analytical Psychology.

What is Jung known for?

Collective unconscious, archetypes, introvert/extrovert.(Examples of archetypes:

• the Hero

• the Mother

• the Shadow

• the Wise Old Man)

Who developed Person Centered Therapy?

Carl Rogers developed Person Centered Therapy.

Core conditions of Rogers?

Empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard.

What is Rogers known for?

Non directive therapy and reflective listening.

Who developed REBT?

Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. (Founding father of Cognitive behavior therapy movement)

Core idea of REBT?

Thoughts cause emotions, not events themselves.

What is Ellis known for?

Irrational beliefs and “musturbation.” REBT

Who developed CBT?

Aaron Beck developed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

What is Beck known for?

Cognitive distortions and automatic thoughts.

Difference between Beck and Ellis?

Beck focuses on distorted thoughts; Ellis confronts irrational beliefs.

Who developed Reality Therapy?

William Glasser developed Reality Therapy.

Memory: Glasser = glasses - see reality clearly

What is WDEP?

Wants, Doing, Evaluation, Planning.

Core idea of Reality Therapy?

People choose behaviors to try to meet their needs, and change happens when they take responsibility for making better choices.

Who developed Gestalt Therapy?

Fritz Perls developed Gestalt Therapy.

Core idea of Gestalt Therapy?

Awareness in the present moment.

What is Gestalt known for?

Empty chair technique and unfinished business.

Who developed Existential Therapy?

Viktor Frankl and Rollo May are associated with Existential Therapy.

Core idea of Existential Therapy?

Finding meaning, freedom, responsibility, and facing anxiety.

Who developed Logotherapy?

Viktor Frankl developed Logotherapy.

Core idea of Logotherapy?

Humans are motivated by meaning.

Who developed Behavioral Therapy?

B.F. Skinner is strongly associated with Behavioral Therapy.

Core idea of Behavioral Therapy?

Behavior is learned and can be changed.

Difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning (Pavlov) pairs stimuli; operant conditioning (Skinner) uses consequences.

Who developed Classical Conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov developed Classical Conditioning.

What is Pavlov known for?

Dogs salivating to a bell.

Who developed Operant Conditioning?

B.F. Skinner developed Operant Conditioning.

What is Skinner known for?

Reinforcement and punishment shape behavior.

Who is associated with systematic desensitization?

Joseph Wolpe developed systematic desensitization.

Memory device: Wolpe Wipes Worry

Core idea of systematic desensitization?

Pair relaxation with feared stimuli gradually.

Who developed EMDR?

Francine Shapiro developed EMDR.

Memory device: shifty Shapiro - eye movement shifts back and forth

Core idea of EMDR?

Reprocessing traumatic memories using bilateral stimulation.

Who developed Transactional Analysis?

Eric Berne developed Transactional Analysis.

What are the ego states in TA?

Parent, Adult, Child.

Who developed Choice Theory?

William Glasser developed Choice Theory. (Reality therapy is the counseling method vs the theory itself)

What is Choice Theory focused on?

Meeting basic needs through choices.

Who developed Feminist Therapy?

Multiple contributors including Laura Brown and Jean Baker Miller.

Core idea of Feminist Therapy?

Social systems and power affect mental health.

Who developed Family Systems Therapy?

Murray Bowen developed Family Systems Therapy. (Memory device: Murray bows to the family system)

What is Bowen known for?

Differentiation of self and triangles. Triangles form to try to reduce tension

Who developed Structural Family Therapy?

Salvador Minuchin developed Structural Family Therapy.

What is Minuchin known for?

Family structure, boundaries, and subsystems.

Who developed Strategic Family Therapy?

Jay Haley is associated with Strategic Family Therapy.

H = Haley
H = Hierarchy
H = Hidden power struggles

So: Jay Haley strategically handles family hierarchy.

Core idea of Strategic Family Therapy?

Problem solving and changing interaction patterns.

Who developed Satir Family Therapy?

Virginia Satir developed experiential family therapy.

What is Satir known for?

Communication styles and family roles.

Who developed Solution Focused Brief Therapy?

Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg developed SFBT.

Shazer shaped solutions

Berg - climbed the solution mountain

Core idea of SFBT?

Focus on solutions, strengths, and exceptions.

What is the miracle question?

A Solution Focused technique imagining life without the problem.

Who developed Motivational Interviewing?

William Miller and Stephen Rollnick developed MI.

Memory: “Miller motivates. Rollnick rolls with resistance.”

Core idea of Motivational Interviewing?

Increase motivation for change by resolving ambivalence.

What are the stages of change?

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance.

Who developed Attachment Theory?

John Bowlby developed Attachment Theory.

What is Mary Ainsworth known for?

The Strange Situation and attachment styles.

Strange situation: how a child responds to separation from and reunion with a caregiver

Who developed Cognitive Development Theory?

Jean Piaget developed Cognitive Development Theory.

What are Piaget’s stages?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Who developed Psychosocial Development Theory?

Erik Erikson developed Psychosocial Development Theory.

What is Erikson known for?

Eight psychosocial stages across the lifespan.

Who developed Moral Development Theory?

Lawrence Kohlberg developed Moral Development Theory.

What are Kohlberg’s levels?

Preconventional, conventional, postconventional morality.

Dinstinction between Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck

Ellis - father of cognitive behavior therapy; Beck - created model of CBT used now.

Ellis - confront irrational beliefs; Beck - identify cognitive distortions and automatic thoughts

What is the Sensory Stage in Piaget’s theory?

Birth to 2 years; infants learn through senses and movement; object permanence develops.

What characterizes the Preoperational Stage?

Ages 2 to 7; children use language and symbols but think egocentrically and struggle with logic.

What is the Concrete Operational Stage?

Ages 7 to 11; children begin logical thinking about concrete objects and understand conservation.

What defines the Formal Operational Stage?

Ages 11 and older; development of abstract, hypothetical, and future-oriented thinking.

What is Preconventional morality in Kohlberg's theory?

Behavior is guided by avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.

What is Conventional morality in Kohlberg's theory?

Behavior is guided by social approval, rules, and maintaining order.

What is Postconventional morality in Kohlberg's theory?

Behavior is guided by internal ethical principles and universal values, even if they conflict with laws.

What is Object permanence and its stage in Piaget’s theory?

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen; develops in the Sensorimotor stage.

What characterizes the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory?

Birth to 2 years; infants learn through their senses and actions. Key development: Object permanence.

What is Egocentrism

and its stage in Piaget’s theory?

In the Preoperational stage (ages 2-7), children cannot yet view things from perspectives other than their own.

What is Conservation and the stage in Piaget’s theory?

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance; develops in the Concrete Operational stage (ages 7-11).

What defines the Concrete Operational stage in Piaget’s theory?

Ages 7 to 11; children can think logically about concrete events and understand the concept of conservation.

What is Abstract thinking and the stage in Piaget’s theory?

Ability to think about concepts that are not physically present; develops during the Formal Operational stage (ages 11 and older).

What defines the Formal Operational stage in Piaget’s theory?

Ages 11 and older; development of abstract, hypothetical, and future-oriented thinking.

What is the collective unconscious?

It is a deeper layer of the unconscious mind that is universally shared by all humans, as proposed by Carl Jung.

What is OARS

In Motivational Interviewing, OARS are the core communication skills:

• O = Open ended questions

• A = Affirmations

• R = Reflections

• S = Summaries

Who developed DBT?

Marsha Linehan

What is the core idea of DBT?

People need both acceptance and change.

What mental health professional developed a system of measurement to study the concept of empathy in counselor responses?

Carkhuff - developed a five-point scale for rating counselors' responses depending on how empathetic the responses are, with Level 1 responses not attending to the client's affect at all, and Level 5 responses adding significantly to the client's affect and meaning.

Who developed the stages of change model used in MI

Prochaska