a&p 2 ch 23 - respiratory system

conduction zone

structures that move air in/out of lungs

respiratory zone

where gas exchange happens in the lungs

layers of the respiratory membrane

surfacant, alveolar epithelium, basal lamina interstitium, basal membrane of endothelial cells, capillary endothelial cells, plasma, red blood cells

surfacant

oily secretion that keeps alveoli open and reduces surface tension

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air in/out of pulmonary tract

air flows from areas of ___ pressure to ___ pressure

high, low

respiratory cycle

from beginning of inhale to end of exhale

boyles law

pressure is inversely related to volume

relationship between alveolar and atmospheric pressure when air isn’t moving

alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

relationship between alveolar and atmospheric pressure when air is moving into the lungs

alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure

relationship between alveolar and atmospheric pressure when air is moving out of the lungs

alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

changes in alveolar pressure

only goes up/down 1mmHg

intrepleural pressure

pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral layers

formula for air flow

flow = change in pressure divided by resistance

daltons law

each gas contributes to the total pressure of a system in terms of its abundance

partial pressure

pressure of one gas in a mixture

henrys law

at a given temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the same gas above the liquid

when inhaling; Po2 of the capillaries is ____ than Po2 of the alveoli

lower; this is why oxygen diffuses out of alveoli and into capillaries

when inhaling; Pco2 of the capillaries is ____ than Pco2 of the alveoli

higher

hemoglobin anatomy

2 beta and 2 alpha groups. can carry 4 oxygen per hemoglobin. about 300 million hemoglobin per red blood cell

hemoglobin saturation

percent of heme units fully loaded with oxygen on one red blood cell. affected by pH, temperature, Po2

during exercise, Po2 saturation ___ because oxygen is being brought to the ___

decreases, tissues

oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Po2 on a graph where Po2 is the x-axis and saturation of hemoglobin is the y-axis

left shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

indicates a raise in pH or drop in temperature

right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

indicated a drop in pH or rise in temperature

the more hydrogen ions the more (acidic/basic) the blood is

acidic

correlation between respiratory rate, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH

as respiratory rate increases, carbon dioxide levels increase, oxygen levels decrease, and pH decreases

pulmonary ventilation-perfusion coupling

the relationship between ventilation and perfusion (v/p). should ideally be 0

affect of high carbon dioxide levels on the throat

bronchodilation

affect of low carbon dioxide levels on the throat

bronchoconstriction

medulla oblongata regulation of breathing

regulates frequency, rate, rhythm, and depth of breaths. ventral half controls accessory organs and dorsal half controls the diaphragm and intercostals

pons regulation of breathing

regulates rhythm. has the ability to inhibit the medulla oblongata controls

hypoxia

below average oxygen

hypercapnia

increase in carbon dioxide

hypocapnia

decrease in carbon dioxide

hering-breur inflation reflex

inhibits inspiritory center to prevent overexpansion of lungs

hering-breur deflation reflex

inhibits expiratory centers to prevent deflation

effect on blood flow to the lungs with high carbon dioxide levels

vasoconstriction- decreased flow

effect on blood flow to the tissues with high carbon dioxide levels

vasodilation- increased flow