Substance-Related, Personality, and Schizophrenia Disorders

Practice flashcards covering basic terms, types, and treatments of substance-related disorders, personality disorder clusters, and symptom clusters of schizophrenia based on lecture notes.

Substance use disorder

A condition characterized by the combination of substance abuse and dependence, involving $4$ specific aspects.

Sedatives

Substances that produce a calming effect, such as barbiturates.

Hypnotic

A type of substance that is sleep inducing.

Anxiolytic

A type of substance that is anxiety reducing, such as benzodiazepines.

Amphetamines

Stimulants that increase alertness and energy by enhancing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine while subsequently blocking reuptake.

Caffeine

A substance used by over $90\,\%$ of Americans that blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine.

Opiate

A natural chemical found in the opium poppy that produces narcotic effects.

Opiods

Natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects often referred to as analgesics.

Detoxification

The process of withdrawing a substance under the care and supervision of medical personnel to moderate withdrawal effects.

Agonist Therapy

A treatment method replacing an addictive drug with a less addictive, less problematic drug, such as using methadone for heroin addiction.

Antagonist therapy

The use of drugs that block or counteract the effects of an abused drug, such as Naltrexone to block effects or Naloxone to reverse an overdose.

Aversive Therapy

Treatment using drugs like Antabuse that create distasteful experiences, such as nausea or a bad taste, when combined with the drug of abuse.

Personality disorder

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from cultural expectations, manifested by a failure to develop an adaptive sense of identity or interpersonal functioning.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A Cluster A disorder characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A Cluster A disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships, limited emotional expression, and a genuine preference to be alone.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A Cluster A disorder marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd or bizarre ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age $15$.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder characterized by a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and marked impulsivity.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder where individuals are extremely emotional, continually seek to be the center of attention, and are described as vain or demanding.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder characterized by grandiosity, a need for much admiration, a lack of empathy, and arrogance.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A Cluster C disorder where individuals are inhibited in social situations, feel inadequate, and are extremely sensitive to negative evaluation or shame.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A Cluster C disorder involving a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of and difficulty making decisions without others.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A Cluster C disorder characterized by a preoccupation with order, perfection, and control, often resulting in a loss of flexibility.

Delusions

A positive symptom of schizophrenia representing gross misrepresentations of reality.

Hallucinations

A positive symptom of schizophrenia involving the experience of sensory events without environmental input.

Avolition

A negative symptom of schizophrenia also known as apathy, characterized by a lack of initiation and persistence.

Alogia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia referring to a relative absence of speech.

Anhedonia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by a lack of pleasure or indifference.

Affective flattening

A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving little expressed emotion.

Word salad

A disorganized symptom of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent speech.

Tangentiality

A disorganized speech pattern characterized by going off on a tangent.

Loose associations

A disorganized speech pattern where conversation moves in unrelated directions.

Hypofrontality

A neurobiological influence in schizophrenia characterized by less active frontal lobes.

High expressed emotion

A family interaction pattern involving critical, hostile, or over-involved attitudes associated with relapse in schizophrenia patients.

Wernicke’s disease

A brain condition associated with the effects of chronic alcohol use.