Chemistry Practice Flashcards - Salts, Redox, and Stoichiometry

These flashcards provide definitions for key vocabulary terms found in the general chemistry lecture notes, covering salts, stoichiometry, gas laws, redox reactions, and organic chemistry.

Salt

A chemical compound consisting of positive and negative ions held together by electrical forces rather than sharing electrons.

Kation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Ionbinding (Ionic bond)

A strong chemical bond formed by the electrical attraction between positive and negative charges.

Simple ions

Ions that consist of only one element, such as $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, or $Cl^-$.

Sammensatte ioner (Complex ions)

Ions that consist of multiple atoms acting as a single unit in chemical reactions, such as Nitrat ($NO_3^-$), Sulfat ($SO_4^{2-}$), and Carbonat ($CO_3^{2-}$).

Krystalgitter (Crystal lattice)

A regular pattern where positive and negative ions are placed alternately, giving salts their characteristic crystal structure.

Polært molekyle (Polar molecule)

A molecule, such as water, that has a positive and a negative end, allowing it to attract ions and pull them away from a crystal lattice.

Fældningsreaktion (Precipitation reaction)

A reaction that occurs when two salt solutions are mixed and two specific ions attract each other to form a solid ion lattice (precipitate).

Bundfald (Precipitate)

The solid substance, also known as a fældning, that forms when a sparingly soluble salt is produced in a reaction.

Tungtopløseligt salt (Sparingly soluble salt)

A salt that does not easily dissolve in water, such as $AgCl$ (silver chloride) or $BaSO_4$ (barium sulfate).

Stofmængde (Amount of substance)

A measure of the number of particles in a substance, measured in the unit mol.

Mol

The unit for amount of substance; 1 mol corresponds to $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ particles.

Avogadros konstant (Avogadro's constant)

The specific number of particles in one mole, which is $6.02 \times 10^{23}$.

Molarmasse (Molar mass)

The mass of one mole of a substance, found by adding atomic masses from the periodic table and measured in $g/mol$.

Natriumhydrogencarbonat

A salt with the formula $NaHCO_3$, also known as natron or baking soda, which releases carbon dioxide when heated.

Ækvivalente stofmængder (Equivalent amounts)

The ratio between coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction used to calculate amounts of reactants and products.

Idealgasligningen (Ideal gas law)

The formula $P \times V = n \times R \times T$ used to determine the amount of a gas based on pressure, volume, and temperature.

Kelvin

The temperature scale used in the ideal gas law; temperature must always be converted to this unit for calculations.

Gassers molare rumfang (Molar volume of gases)

The volume occupied by 1 mol of gas at standard conditions, which is $22.4 \text{ liters}$.

Elektronegativitet (Electronegativity)

A measure of how strongly an atom pulls on electrons in a chemical bond.

Elektronparbinding (Covalent bond)

A binding where two atoms share electrons, typically found between non-metals.

Molekylformel (Molecular formula)

A formula that tells which atoms a substance consists of, such as $C_7H_{16}$ for heptane.

Strukturformel (Structural formula)

A diagram showing how the atoms in a molecule are arranged and bonded together.

Alkan

A saturated hydrocarbon containing only single bonds between carbon atoms, following the general formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$.

Ionbinding (Ionic bond origin)

A bond occurring between a metal and a non-metal where electrons are transferred, creating charged ions.

Spændingsrækken (Reactivity series)

A ranking of metals based on how easily they donate electrons; metals to the left (uædle) donate more easily than those to the right (ædle).

Oxidation

The process where an atom or ion loses electrons, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state.

Reduktion (Reduction)

The process where an atom or ion gains electrons, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state.

Redoxreaktion (Redox reaction)

A chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one substance (the one being oxidized) to another (the one being reduced).

Oxidationstal (Oxidation state)

A number assigned to an atom to keep track of how many electrons it has lost or gained in a reaction.

Kvantitativ analyse (Quantitative analysis)

A type of chemical analysis used to determine exactly how much of a specific substance is present in a sample.

Kvalitativ analyse (Qualitative analysis)

A type of chemical analysis used to identify which substances or ions are present in a sample.

Titrering (Titration)

A laboratory method used to find the concentration of an unknown solution (titrand) by reacting it with a known concentration of another substance (titrator).

Ækvivalenspunkt (Equivalence point)

The point in a titration where the amount of acid exactly equals the amount of base ($n(\text{acid}) = n(\text{base})$).

Indikator

A substance like phenolphthalein that changes color to signal when a titration has reached its endpoint/equivalence point.

pH

A scale used to measure how acidic (below 7), neutral (7), or basic (above 7) a solution is.

Carbonhydrid (Hydrocarbon)

A compound consisting solely of the elements carbon ($C$) and hydrogen ($H$).

Fuldstændig forbrænding (Complete combustion)

A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with sufficient oxygen to produce carbondioxid ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$).

Ufuldstændig forbrænding (Incomplete combustion)

A reaction with insufficient oxygen resulting in products like carbonmonoxid ($CO$) or soot ($C$).

Sod (Soot)

Pure carbon produced during incomplete combustion when there is not enough oxygen to form $CO_2$.

Isomerer (Isomers)

Substances that share the same molecular formula but have different structural formulas and properties.