Lecture_13

Correlational Study

A research method that examines the relationship between two variables to determine if they are associated.

Causal Claim

An assertion that one event or variable (the cause) will produce changes in another event or variable (the effect).

Covariance

The degree to which two variables change together; a necessary criterion for establishing a causal relationship.

Temporal Precedence

The principle that a cause must precede its effect in time to establish a causal relationship.

Internal Validity

The degree to which a study accurately establishes a cause-and-effect relationship without interference from outside factors.

Self-report

A method of gathering data from participants based on their own perspectives and assessments, often through surveys or interviews.

Observer Bias

A bias that occurs when a researcher's expectations or opinions distort the data collected during an observation.

Sampling Methods

Techniques used to select individuals from a population to participate in a study, impacting the generalizability of findings.

Probability Sampling

A sampling technique where each member of the population has a known and equal chance of being selected.

Nonprobability Sampling

A sampling method where not all members of the population have a chance of participating, leading to potential bias.

Statistical Validity

The extent to which a study's conclusions are supported by the data and analyses used within the context of statistical tests.

Behavioural Reactivity

A phenomenon where participants alter their behavior simply because they know they are being observed.

Case Study

An in-depth analysis of an individual or group, providing detailed information but limited generalizability.

Reliability

The consistency and stability of a measure over time or across different instances.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Qualitative Research

Research that focuses on understanding the meaning and experiences of participants through non-numerical data.

Quantitative Research

Research that focuses on quantifying data and typically involves statistical analysis.

Observer Effects

When the presence of an observer influences the behavior of subjects being observed.

Frequency Claim

A claim that describes a particular rate or level of something, focusing on one measured variable.

Association Claim

A claim that suggests a relationship between two variables, indicating that they vary together.