Comprehensive Human Anatomy and Physiology Review for Students
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75 Terms
What is the correct order for protein synthesis and export?
Ribosome → Rough ER → Transport Vesicle → Golgi Apparatus → Secretory Vesicle → Exocytosis
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
Most abundant tissue, usually vascular, measurable space between cells, extracellular matrix contains ground substance and fibers.
What is the fluid-filled cavity of a mature ovarian follicle called?
Antrum.
What substance do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum.
What is the primary function of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Which is NOT one of the four major tissue types?
Glandular tissue.
Breaking down glycogen into glucose is what type of reaction?
Catabolic reaction.
What female structure is homologous to the penis?
Clitoris.
What is the order of follicular development?
Primordial follicle → Primary follicle → Secondary follicle → Mature (Graafian) follicle → Corpus luteum → Corpus albicans.
What are the primary cells of the epidermis?
Keratinocytes.
Why are the testes located in the scrotum?
The scrotum keeps them cooler than body temperature for sperm production.
What type of cell division produces gametes?
Meiosis.
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Haploid.
How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?
23.
What muscle tissue is nonstriated and involuntary?
Smooth muscle tissue.
Do all people have about the same number of melanocytes?
Yes.
Which statement about enzymes is incorrect?
Most enzymes are lipids.
What structures make up the cutaneous membrane?
Epidermis + Dermis.
What is the correct order of epidermal layers from deepest to most superficial?
Stratum basale → Stratum spinosum → Stratum granulosum → Stratum lucidum → Stratum corneum.
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
Inner lining of digestive tract.
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Oral cavity, pharynx, vagina, and anal canal.
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Thyroid follicles, ovaries, and kidney tubules.
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Walls of capillaries.
What is produced at the end of translation?
A protein.
What metabolic pathway forms glycogen from glucose?
Glycogenesis.
What metabolic pathway forms glucose from non-carbohydrates?
Gluconeogenesis.
In which pathway are acetyl-CoA molecules oxidized?
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle.
Which pathway uses NADH and FADH2 to generate large amounts of ATP?
Electron Transport Chain.
Which uterine layer is shed each month?
Endometrium.
Which epidermal cells have an immune function?
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells.
Where is fibrocartilage located?
Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
Where is elastic connective tissue located?
Walls of arteries and airways.
Where is reticular tissue located?
Lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?
Dermis of the skin.
What epithelial tissue has one layer of cube-shaped cells?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
What are the three parts of ATP?
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
What is the process of making mRNA from DNA called?
Transcription.
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus.
Which is NOT a function of the skin?
Production of Vitamin E.
Which sensory receptors detect light touch?
Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles.
What structures are found in the spermatic cord?
Ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, arteries, and veins.
What is the maximum ATP produced anaerobically from one glucose?
2 ATP.
What amino acids are encoded by CCG GTA?
Glycine and Histidine.
What are the primary male sex organs?
Testes.
What are male gametes called?
Sperm cells.
Which cells support and nourish spermatogenesis?
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells.
Which cells give rise to sperm cells?
Spermatogonia.
Which cells produce testosterone?
Interstitial (Leydig) cells.
Which hormone stimulates endometrial secretions?
Progesterone.
Which hormone stimulates follicle maturation?
FSH.
Which hormone develops female secondary sex characteristics?
Estrogen.
Which hormone triggers ovulation?
LH.
Are epithelial cells close together or far apart?
Close together.
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells working together to perform a common function.
What is the order of the uterine cycle?
Menstrual phase → Proliferative phase → Secretory phase.
How many codons exist in the genetic code?
64 total codons.
How many stop codons exist?
3.
What amino acid does the start codon code for?
Methionine.
Which RNA delivers amino acids during translation?
tRNA.
Which diseases are examples of germline mutations?
Tay-Sachs, Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle Cell Disease.
What are the female gonads?
Ovaries.
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP).
What is the molecule an enzyme acts upon called?
Substrate.
What is the process of converting a gene into a protein called?
Gene expression.
What type of burn affects the epidermis and part of the dermis?
Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burn.
Which statement about glycolysis is incorrect?
Glycolysis is an aerobic pathway.
Which cells produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers?
Fibroblasts.
Which intercellular junction prevents movement of substances between cells?
Tight junctions.
Melanocytes
Produce melanin
Merkel (tactile) cells
Touch receptors
Keratinocytes
Most common skin cells
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Immune defense
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
It acts as a "shock absorber".
Where is elastic cartilage located?
Ear and epiglottis.
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
Nose, joints, and trachea.