Brain stem and Diencephalon Anatomy, and anatomy of the cerebral cortex

Medulla Oblongata

Regulates heart rate, respiration rates, and blood vessel dilation and constriction

Pituitary Gland

The master endocrine gland, and controls other hormone releasing glands

Thalamus

Sorts data as it comes to the cerebrum and send that data to the proper part of the cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Below the thalamus, maintains homeostasis(body temperature), and controls the pituitary gland

Frontal lobe

Executive functions: planning, organizing, and self monitoring personality. Decision making, emotional control, contains motor cortex: starts all movements, and contains the Broca’s area: which allows us to form speech.

Temporal lobe

Receives and interprets auditory information and olfactory information(smell), Development of memories, Contains the amygdala: fear and anxiety, Contains the hippocampus: changes short-term memory to long-term memory, and also contains Wernicke’s area: which allows us to understand speech.

Parietal lobe

Contains sensory cortex - receives most sensory information(Touch, cold, hot), interprets sensory information, Spatial awareness: the ability to think about objects in 3D

occipital lobe

Receives and interprets visual infromation

Broca’s Area

Allows us to form speech, in frontal lobe

Wernicke’s Area

Allows us to understand speech, in the temporal lobe

Central Nervous systems

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous System

Consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Oligodendrocytes

Produce Myelin sheath in the Central nervous system

Schwann cells

Produce Myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

Afferent Sensory neurons

Carry information to the brain

Efferent Motor neurons

Carry information away from the brain

Sympathetic division

Fight or flight response, increases heart rate

Parasympathetic division

Brings the body back to a calm relaxed state, dominates when you are safe and digesting food

Motor(efferent) division

Controls involuntary movements like the cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Somatic(afferent) division

Controls voluntary movements like the skeletal system

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges

Alzheimer’s disease

Causes brain shrinkage, memory loss, and gets worse over time

Cerebral palsy

Abnormal brain development, affects posture, muscles, and balance.

Parkinson’s disease

A disorder that causes stiffness in the body and worsens over time.

CVA(Cerebrovascular accident)

A term used for having a stroke, can be identified as F.A.S.T Face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, and time to call

Meninges

3 layers in order: Dura mater(Outermost layer), arachnoid mater(Middle layer), and pia mater(Innermost layer)

Cerebrospinal fluid

A clear, colorless watery liquid

Corpus callosum

Connects the two hemispheres, right and left

Gyri

Known as the peaks

Sulci

Known as the valley

Dendrite

Receives Impulses from the previous neurons

Soma

Produces proteins and molecules for neurons to send and receive impulses

Axon Hillock

Junction cell body of the axon

Myelin Sheath

Protective layer that wraps around the axon.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in Myelin sheath

Axon terminal

Fine projections at the end of the axon that passes the impulses to next neuron

Synapse

Gaps between the neurons

Amitotic

Can’t be replaced and can’t undergo cell division