Unit 5.4 - Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders

ADHD

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Delusions (paranoid and grandiose)

Hallucinations

Disorganized thinking or speech (word salad)

Catatonic excitement

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeurs, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Hallucinations

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Disorganized speech

Speech that is incoherent and lacks a logical progression, sometimes referred to as word salad

Disorganized thinking

Fragmented or distorted thought processes, often visible through speech patterns in schizophrenia

Catatonic excitement

Periods of extreme restlessness and excessive, purposeless motor activity

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Catatonic stupor

Flat affect

Catatonic stupor

An immobile, expressionless, coma-like state associated with schizophrenia

Flat affect

A severe reduction in emotional expressiveness, often found in schizophrenia

Possible causes of schizophrenia

Genetic/biological links (prenatal virus, dopamine hypothesis)

Depressive disorders

Major depressive disorder

Persistent depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be depressed mood or loss of interest

Persistent depressive disorder

A mild but long-term form of depression, lasting for at least two years

Bipolar I

A type of bipolar marked by full manic episodes and usually major depressive episodes

Bipolar II

A type of bipolar disorder marked by hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes

Anxiety disorders

Specific phobia

Agoraphobia

Panic disorder

Social anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and chest pain

Social anxiety disorder

Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

OCD and related disorders

OCD

Hoarding disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

Hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

Obsession vs compulsion

Obsession: Persistent, unwanted thoughts, ideas, or images that cause distress

Compulsion: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession

Dissociative disorders

Dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

Dissociative amnesia

A disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

Fugue

A temporary state where a person has memory loss and ends up in an unexpected place

Trauma and stressor-related disorders

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Feeding/eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting

Personality disorders

Cluster A: Odd or eccentric

Paranoid

Schizoid

Schizotypal

Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Antisocial

Histrionic

Narcissistic

Borderline

Cluster C: Anxious or fearful

Avoidant

Dependent

Obsessive-compulsive

Paranoid PD

Characterized by pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others

Schizoid PD

Characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

Schizotypal PD

Characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive of perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

Antisocial PD

A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

Histrionic PD

Characterized by excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Narcissistic PD

Characterized by a long-term pattern of abnormal feelings of self-importance and an excessive need for admiration

Borderline PD

Characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity

Avoidant PD

Characterized by social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Dependent PD

Characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior

Obsessive-compulsive PD

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control

Mania

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

Hypomania

A period of abnormally elevated, extreme changes in mood or emotions, energy level, or activity level

Dissociation

A disconnection between a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of who they are

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors