Pharmacology: Antiarrhythmics, GI, and Oral Disorders

Practice flashcards covering antiarrhythmic drug classes, gastrointestinal medications, common oral disorders, and types of nausea and vomiting based on lecture notes.

Class II agents

Beta-blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol, that block sympathetic stimulation of SA and AV nodes to slow the HR and BP.

Class III agents

Antiarrhythmic drugs like Amiodarone that block $K^+$ channels/outflow to slow the conduction rate.

Class IV agents

Calcium channel blockers, such as Verapamil and diltiazem, that block Calcium channels in SA and AV nodes to slow down conduction and prolong refractories.

Antidysrhythmics adverse effect

Commonly results in the development of new arrhythmias.

Mucositis

Painful inflammation of the mucous membranes, commonly associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy occurring 5 to 7 days after treatment.

Xerostomia

A condition characterized by a lack of saliva and dry mouth; treated with artificial saliva such as Mouth Kote, Biotene, Aquaoral, or Caphosol.

Halitosis

An oral condition characterized by bad breath.

Magnesium

A mineral that, when taken as a medication, typically causes diarrhea (referred to as 'the shits').

Aluminum and Calcium

Minerals that, when used in medications, typically lead to constipation.

Cimetidine

A medication that can decrease testosterone levels because it is synthesized in the liver; often disliked by male patients for this reason.

Gastrointestinal prostaglandins

Substances that provide benefit to people who take a large amount of NSAIDs.

PPIs (Proton Pump Inhibitors)

Used for GERD, chronic esophagitis, and acid reflux diseases; often used in combination with an antibiotic to treat H. pylori.

H. pylori

A common bacteria that infects the stomach lining.

Vomiting Center (VC)

Located in the medulla, it coordinates the vomiting reflex and responds to the cerebral cortex, inner ear, blood, and the vagus and splanchnic nerves.

Plaque

The most likely cause of mouth diseases; it calcifies into Tartar/Calculus if not removed after 24 hours.

Cold Sores

Predictable and reoccurring lesions caused by herpes (type 1) that may involve fever, pain, and mouth odor.

Docosanol

The only OTC medication approved by the FDA for cold sores; a saturated aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity applied 5 times per day.

Canker Sores

Also known as aphthous ulcers; painful lesions that limit eating, drinking, and oral hygiene.

Aphthasol

An anti-inflammatory agent used to treat canker sores.

Candidiasis

A fungal infection with a white 'curdlike' appearance covering the oral mucosa; most common in infants, pregnant females, and debilitated patients.

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

Psychogenic vomiting

Self-induced or involuntary vomiting in response to threatening or distasteful situations.

Acute CINV

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting that occurs 4 to 6 hours after treatment.