chem u4 aos1

Alkane to haloalkane

E.g alkane (g) + Cl-Cl (g) -> haloalkane (g) + HCl(g)

(UV light catalyst) remember: -halogens cannot exist on their own -only one halogen is substituted at a time (e.g must be done twice to get dichloro…)

substitution

Haloalkane to alcohol

E.g Haloalkane (aq) + sodium hydroxide (aq) -> alcohol (aq) + sodium halide (aq) (sodium w/ halogen)

No catalyst Everything aq

substitution

Haloalkane to amine

E.g Haloalkane + ammonia (NH3) -> alkane(halogen replaced w NH2) + H(halogen)

No catalyst Everything aq

substitution

substitution reaction

the replacement of an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule for another atom or a group of atoms. Only saturated compounds undergo substitution

-substituion reactions always result in the formation of a byproduct

addition reaction

the breaking of a carbon-carbon double bond to form a carbon-carbon single bond, and the addition of an atom or group of atoms to each carbon. Only unsaturated compounds undergo addition

-do not result in the formation of a byproduct (atom economy -GCP)

-products are always saturated compounds

alkene to alkane

Alkene + H2 (g) -> alkane

Nickel (s) catalyst -everything in gaseous state

addition

alkene to haloalkane

e.g alkene + H-Cl -> haloalkane If Cl-Cl then di-halogenated

No catalyst Everything in gaseous state

addition

alkene to alcohol

Alkene + steam -> alcohol

H3PO4 (l) catalyst  300 degrees celsius Everything in (g)

addition

oxidation reaction

the replacement of an OH hydroxyl group with either an aldehyde, ketone or carboxyl group. Only alcohols can undergo organic oxidation reactions

-must occur simultaneously with the reduction of another reactant

-strong oxidising agents such as H+/Cr2O7²- (aq) and H+/MnO4- (aq)

primary alc → aldehyde → carboxylic acid

Primary alc -> aldehyde (incomplete) -> carboxylic acid (complete)

H+/Cr2O7²- (aq) and H+/MnO4- (aq) For each step All aq Primary alc is reacted with an oxidising agent

oxidation

secondary alcohol → ketone

Secondary alcohol -> ketone

H+/Cr2O7²- (aq) and H+/MnO4- (aq) All aq

tertiary alcohol oxidation

cannot be oxidised due to a lack of a breakable c-h bond to accomodate the formation of the c=o bond

condensation reaction

a reaction in which two smaller molecules react together to form a larger molecules. Water is produced as a byproduct

Esterification/condensation

Carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water (the OH and H from carboxylic bond)

H2SO4 (l) catalyst  All liquid state

Hydrolysis

a reaction in which a larger molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules. Water is a reactant (think hydrated)

Ester to carboxylic acid + alcohol

Ester + water -> carboxylic acid + alcohol

KOH (aq) catalyst  Everything in liquid state

hydrolysis; opposite of esterification