bio exam 3

photosynthesis takes place in

leaves

thylakoid

membranous saks

granum

stacks of thylakoids

photosynthesis occurs in 2 stages

light dependent and independent

light dependent reactions

reduce NADP+ to NADPH

light independent reactions

the calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH generated

shorter wavelengths are more

energetic

when an electron absorbs a photon..

it is raised to a higher orbital

chlorophylls

green pigments found in chloroplasts

cartenoids

red, yellow, and orange pigments

chlorophyll a vs chlorophyll b

key light pigment and accessory pigment

what comes first?

photosystem II

photosystem II

delivers electrons to electron acceptor then to PSI

how are electrons transported between PSII and PSI

electron transport chain

the movement of H+ into the stroma

exergonic, high to low

what is the movement of hydrogen into the stroma coupled with

endergonic ATP synthesis

what are the steps of the flow of electrons in photosynthesis

light, PSII (P680), ETC, ATP, PSI (P700)

what is fd?

ferredoxin, an electron carrier from PSI

what is the first process in light dependent reactions?

generating ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

what is the second process in light dependent reactions?

reducing the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH

what is the third process in light dependent reactions?

splitting H2O and releasing O2

what enters the calvin cycle?

6 CO2

what are the three stages of the calvin cycle?

fixation, reduction, regeneration

what is RuBisco?

ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

what is RuBP?

ribulose biphosphate

what exits the calvin cycle (reduction)?

2 G3P (3C)

how many carbons are generated in carbon fixation?

12 × 3C

how many carbons are made in regneration of CO2?

10 × 3C

how much ATP to fix one CO2?

3 ATP

how much NADPH to fix one CO2?

2 NADPH

12 3GPA molecules were reduced to…

12 G3P molecules

humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?

23 pairs

humans have how many chromosomes total??

46 chromosomes

a nucleotide has how many componenents?

3 components

nucleotides have

phosphates

nucleosides have

no phosphates

Friedrich Miescher…

recognized DNA

how many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

2 hydrogen bonds

how many hydrogen bonds are between G and C?

3 hydrogen bonds

what is conservative replication?

parent DNA stays together, daughter DNA also together

what is semi-conservative replication?

daughter strand with one original strand and a new strand

what is dispersive replication?

mix of original and new strands

conservative replication will have…

one heavy band and one light band

semi-conservative replication will have…

one intermediate band

dispersive replication will have…

one intermediate band

what are the three phases of DNA replication?

initiation, elongation, termination

dna helicase

unwind and separate DNA strands

single stranded binding proteins

bind to each strand to prevent them from reforming helix

primase

primes the DNA seperation with RNA primers

topoisomerase

prevents additional coiling by making small cuts in strands

fermentation

regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis under anaerobic conditions

what is this

pyruvate

what is this

lactate

what is the funciton of DNA?

carry genetic information

what is the function of RNA?

protein synthesis

location of DNA?

stays in nucleus

location of RNA?

leaves the nucleus

structure of DNA

double helix

structure of RNA

single stranded

sugar of DNA

deoxyribose

sugar of RNA

ribose

pyrimidines of DNA

cytosine, thymine

purines of DNA

adenine, guanine

pyrimidines of RNA

cytosine, uracil

purines of RNA

adenine, guanine

ligase

seals the gaps to create one continuous DNA strand

helicase

unwinds DNA helix

okazaki fragments

fragments of the lagging strand

primase

synthesizes RNA primers

topoisomerase

relieves stress caused by DNA unwinding

DNA polymerase I

removes RNA primer and replaces it with newly synthesized DNA

DNA polymerase III

main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’→3' direction