All Urban Issues and Challenges

What is urbanisation?

The growth in proportion of people living in urban areas

What percentage of the world currently lives in urban areas?

55% - but this is increasing

Why is urbanisation happening at lower rates in HICs?

They are already urbanised - around 80% of the populations already live in urban areas

People in HICs are more likely to move where?

Out of urban areas into rural areas - so urbanisation rates are usually under 1%

What percentage of the population in LICs live in urban areas?

Around 30%

What is the rate of urbanisation in LICs?

6%

What is an NEE?

A newly emerging economy - economic development is increasing rapidly

What is the percentage of urban population in NEEs, typically?

50%

What is the rate of urbanisation for an NEE?

2%

What is rural-urban migration?

Movement of people from the countrysides into the cities

Why are natural disasters a push factor, that attract people to urban areas?

Natural disasters can damage property and farmland, which is costly. It is harder to find resources to recover in urban areas

Why is agricultural machinery a push factor, that attract people to urban areas?

Needs less workers, so there are fewer jobs

Why is desertification a push factor, that attract people to urban areas?

Makes land unproductive, farmers income becomes unstable

Why jobs a pull factor, that attract people to urban areas?

There are more jobs in urban areas, that are often better paid

Why is healthcare and education a pull factor, that attract people to urban areas?

Better access to it

Why are family members a pull factor, that attract people to urban areas?

May have already moved there

Why is QoL a pull factor, that attract people to urban areas?

Many people think they will have a better QoL in urban areas

How does natural increase influence urbanisation?

Usually, young people move to cities to find work, these migrants then have children increasing the proportion of young people in the ares

What increases life expectancy in urban areas?

Better healthcare

What is a megacity?

Has a population of more than 10 million

How many megacities were there in 2020?

34

How many megacities are there expected to be by 2035?

48

What is the population distribution of the UK like?

Uneven

What natural factor affects where most people live?

Relief (height of land)

How have many major cities developed?

From towns that have emerged to form continous urban areas

What is population density like in northern Scotland?

Sparse - due to it being difficult to farm and lack of resources

Why have coastal areas grown major cities?

Areas with sheltered bays and estuarys can be important ports e.g. Liverpool and Cardiff

Which areas of Britain rapidly developed due to mineral wealth?

North-East e.g. Newcastle and Leeds because industry developed

UK Cities - Where and why did most urban areas develop?

On lowland areas (e.g. Birmingham) - easier to build on and climate is milder than upland areas

What percentage of the UKs population lives in London?

16% - 9 million people

How many zones do UKs citys typically have?

4

What is the central business district?

Usually the middle of the city, most amenities and services are here, often surrounded by a ring road

What is the inner city?

Often has a mix of land uses. Mainly residential with some businesses and recreational parks. Lots of short parallel roads show areas of terraced housing

What are suburbs?

Found towards the edge of a city. Mainly residential. Have short curved streets and cul de sacs

What is the rural-urban fringe?

On the edge of a city. Has farmland and open spaces as well as new houses and large business/retail parks

By how much is the population of Cambridge expected to increase by 2031?

28%

Cambridge - By 2031 how many more daily car journeys are there expected to be?

26,000

During 2019, what amount of driving time did people spend in congestion?

71 hours

How many deaths per year in Cambridge can be attributed to air pollution?

106

What percentage of carbon emissions does transport account for in Cambridge?

45%

Cambridge - What percentage of Nitrogen dioxide in the air can be attributed to traffic pollution?

75%

Cambridge - Social Problems - High levels of congestion can lead to commuters having little what?

Family life

Social Problems - Safety issues for who?

Drivers, pedestrians and cyclists?

Cambridgen - Social Problems - What may happen to emergency services due to congestion?

Responses are delayed

Economic Problems - Businesses are not economically succesfull if what?

Employees are unable to make it to work on time due to congestion

Economic Problems - How might congestion affect deliveries?

May delay them leading to economic loss for companies

Environmental Problems - Increased pollution in the air can do what?

Change local climate

Environmental Problems - What other types of pollution may there be?

Noise

Sustainable Transport Strategy - What will their be additions of on the fringes of Cambridge to reduce unnecessary traffic?

Park and Ride stations

Sustainable Transport Strategy - What will they aim to make more convenient than car travel to discourage use?

Walking, cycling and public transport

Sustainable Transport Strategy - How will they reduce car traffic?

Limit the available road space for cars

How many bike parking spaces are there at Cambridge Station?

2850

Stagecoach East say there is a year on year rise of what percent of people using Park and Ride services?

11%

How many workers used Cambridge North Station in 2019?

Over 800 000

Social Benefits - Lower levels of what major health issue?

Obesity

Social Benefits - Better or worse mental health?

Better - less stress due to transport

Social Benefits - Improved access to what?

Shops and services

Economic Benefits - For every £1 invested, how much goes to local economy?

£4

Cambridge - Benefits - What can commuters save money on?

Fuel

Economic Benefits - Due to lower levels of obesity and repsiratory issues, it lowers the cost for who?

NHS

Environmental Benefits - Reduced emissions of what gas?

CO2

Environmental Benefits - Less traffic what?

Congestion

Quality of life

The level of well-being, happiness, and contentment of individuals or communities

Standard of Living

The level of wealth, material goods, comforts, and necessities available to people in a specific geographic area

Top down schemes

Led by governments and large corporations, often through large-scale projects that require advanced technology and substantial funding. Experts with limited input from local communities typically plan these projects.

Bottom Up Schemes

Led by non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It focuses on local communities, aiming to meet specific needs sustainably using appropriate technology.

What is Vision Mumbai?

A $40 billion investment involving a partnership between government, property companies and investors aiming to solve Mumbai’s worsening QoL by 2050

What were the three main targets of Vision Mumbai?

1. Build 1mil low cost homes and reduce slums

2. Improve transport infrastructure by road and rail

3. Improve air and water quality by reducing pollution

Successes - How many illegal slum dwellers moved?

200 000

Vision Mumbai - Successes - How many slums destroyed?

45 000

Successes - What have been built in Dharavi to house slum dwellers?

Seven story settlements

Successes - What industries will be allowed to continue in Dharavi?

Non - polluting

Vision Mumbai - Successes - How many new green spaces have been restored?

325

Successes - What were established for the new sewage systems in Dharavi?

Water and sewage systems

Successes - How many energy efficient trains are being added to the citys network?

160

Vision Mumbai - Successes - In 2011, how many metro lines were added to Mumbai?

3, totalling 50km in length

Successes - What will happen to actaul businesses and manufacturing factories in Mumbai?

They will be modernised

Successes - How many jobs are they aiming to create it the service sector?

200 000

Negatives - What has happened in the new larger apartment blocks?

Communities have become split

Negatives - Where does rent cost more?

In the new settlements

Negatives - What will happen to the small workshops in the slums?

They will have to move or go out of business, affecting Mumbais recycling industry

Vision Mumbai - Negatives - Many believe these schemes only benefit who?

The rich and powerful

The Mumbai Slum Resettlement Scheme

Moved a slum area along a railway and residents moved to an new area

The Mumbai Slum Electrification Project

Provided 10 000 slum dwellers with electricity

The Mumbai Slum Sanitation Project

Built 300 toilet blocks with 5100 individual toilets

Crime Reduction In Mumbai

Demonetization (removing cas) aims to reduce contract killings and drug trafficking

Healthcare - Mumbai has more hospitals than…?

Any other urban area in India

Healthcare - Mumbai’s biggest medical centre Sion Hospital has grown from how many beds in 1950 to?

1950 = 50 beds and now = 1400 beds

Healthcare - How many patients does Sion hospital admit per year?

60,000

Education - How many primary and secondary schools in Mumbai?

Over 1000

Education - What is the Maharashtra government bound to supply

Compulsory, free education from 6-14

Education - How much higher are Mumbai’s literacy rates than the rest of India?

Mumbai = 89.7% but national average = 74.04%, even Mumbais slums = 69%

Economic Opportunities - How much of Indias GDP and trade does it account for?

6% of GDP, 40% of trade

Economic Opportunities - Headquarters for what can be found in Mumbai?

TNCs including Disney, VW and the Bombay Stock Exchange

Economic Opportunities - How much have Coca-Cola invested in India since 2011?

Over $5 billion

Economic Opportunities - How many people do Coca-Cola employ and what does this lead to?

25,000 directly, over 1 million indirectly - this leads to more tax contributions for the Indian government

Water Supply - Rapid population growth does put strain on water supplies but the Mumbai government are working to improve water supply by…?

Extending access to Mumbai’s water supply to residents living in non-notified slums despite them having no property rights

Vision Mumbai - Sanitation - How many community toilet blocks have been built?

Over 300, with more than 5100 toilets and seperate facilities for men and women