Functional group

alkane

alkene

alkyne

alcohol

thiol

thioether

disulfidde

akyl halide

ether

lactone

carbamate

lactom - cyclic amide

nitrile

aldehyde

ketone

ester

acyl halide

carboxylic acid

amide

acid anhydride

amine - single bond

imine - double bond

phenyl

acetal

hemiacetal

imidazole ring - in histidine

indole - in tryptophan

Acidity (Weakest → Strongest)

 “Which loses H⁺ easiest

Alkanes < Amines < Alcohols < Thiols < Phenols < Carboxylic acids

Basicity (Weakest → Strongest) “Which accepts H⁺ best?”

Carboxylic acids < Phenols < Alcohols < Amines

cholesterol (steroid)

free fatty acid

triglyceride (storage lipid)

phospholipid

sphingomyelin

ceramide

peptide bond - made up of amide bonds

heme

steroid

glycogen - (a - 1 - 6), highly branched

Phosphatadylcholine

Phosphoethanlomine 

Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylinositol

adenine

cytosine - 1 hydrogen donor 2 hydrogen acceptors 

thymine

guanine - 2 hydrogen donors and 1 hydrogen acceptor

uracil

GTP

CTP

UTP

ATP

glucose - OH down (alpha)

fructose

galactose, OH up, b eta

ribose

deoxyribose

ubiquinone

flavin

aldolase

ketone

amylopectin - branched α(1→4) + α(1→6)

general structure of starch

sucrose (glucose + fructose)-

lactose (galactose + glucose); Bond: β(1→4)

maltose (glucose + glucose) Bond: α(1→4)

amylose - α(1→4) straight chain

Cellulose (plants)

β(1→4), humans can not digest

non reducing involve

hemiacetals

Vitamin A → Vision

Vitamin K → Clotting factors

Vitamin D → Calcium absorption

Vitamin E → Antioxidant