Lab Exam 2 Study Guide - Skeleton and Joints

Comprehensive flashcards covering bone anatomy, skull features, vertebral column regions, limb bones, and joint classifications based on lab notes.

What is the term for the shaft of a long bone?

Diaphysis

The ends of a long bone are known as what?

Epiphysis

What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?

The site where growth in length occurs

Which tissue lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?

Endosteum

Which tough, fibrous, vascular covering surrounds the exterior of a bone?

Periosteum

What material is defined as hyaline cartilage on the ends of a long bone?

Articular cartilage

What type of tissue primarily makes up yellow bone marrow?

Adipose tissue

Describe the structure of spongy bone.

Consists of tiny plates of bone with spaces often filled with red marrow

The hollow chamber in the shaft of a long bone is called the what?

Medullary cavity

What is the strong, dense outer layer of bone called?

Compact bone

How is the humerus bone classified?

Long bone

How are the carpals classified?

Short bone

How are the cranial bones and ribs classified?

Flat bone

How is the patella classified?

Sesamoid (round) bone

How are the vertebrae and coxal bones classified?

Irregular bone

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Osteon

What are the scroll-like projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Nasal conchae

Which suture is located between the frontal and parietal bones?

Coronal suture

Which suture is located between the two parietal bones?

Sagittal suture

Which suture is located between the parietal bones and the occipital bone?

Lambdoid suture

Which suture is located between the temporal and parietal bones?

Squamous suture

Which suture is found between the two maxillary bones?

Intermaxillary suture

Which bone is described as butterfly-shaped and articulates with all other cranial bones?

Sphenoid bone

What is the purpose of the sella turcica?

A saddle-like bony feature that supports the pituitary gland

The large opening in the occipital bone for the spinal cord is called the what?

Foramen magnum

Which bone contains the crista galli and cribriform plates?

Ethmoid bone

What are the perforations that permit olfactory nerves to pass into the cranium called?

Cribriform foramina (olfactory foramina)

Which bone forms the lower jaw?

Mandible

What are the paired openings on the anterior surface of the mandible?

Mental foramen

Which bone forms the cheekbones?

Zygomatic bone

Which small bones form the medial wall of the orbit?

Lacrimal bones

Name the rounded process on the occipital bone that articulates with the atlas ($C1$).

Occipital condyles

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

Serves as an attachment site for the tongue and neck muscles

How many cervical vertebrae are in the human vertebral column?

$$7$$

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the human vertebral column?

$$12$$

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the human vertebral column?

$$5$$

What is the specific name for the first cervical vertebra ($C1$)?

Atlas

What is the specific name for the second cervical vertebra ($C2$)?

Axis

What is the process on the axis ($C2$) that allows for rotation of the head?

Dens (odontoid process)

Which opening is found only in cervical vertebrae to transmit blood vessels to the brain?

Transverse foramen

What are the three components of the sternum?

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Ribs $R_1$ through $R_7$ are specifically known as what?

True ribs

Ribs $R_{11}$ and $R_{12}$ which have no anterior attachment are called what?

Floating ribs

What is the name of the shallow depression on the scapula that articulates with the humerus?

Glenoid cavity

Which process of the scapula is a flattened, prominent process at the lateral end of the spine?

Acromion

The blunt, medial extremity of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium is called the what?

Sternal end

Where is the deltoid tuberosity located?

Near the midpoint of the lateral shaft of the humerus

Which spool-shaped medial condyle of the humerus articulates with the ulna?

Trochlea

Which bone is the lateral bone of the forearm, in line with the thumb?

Radius

What prominent, curved projection of the ulna forms the point of the elbow?

Olecranon process

How many carpal bones form the wrist?

$$8$$

The thumb is anatomically referred to by what name?

Pollex

How many phalanges are found in each hand?

$$14$$

What three bones fuse to form the coxal bone?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

The deep socket of the coxal bone that receives the head of the femur is called the what?

Acetabulum

What are the "sit bones" anatomically known as?

Ischial tuberosity

Which ridge is found on the posterior surface of the femoral shaft?

Linea aspera

Which lower leg bone is the medial and larger bone that bears weight?

Tibia

The process on the distal end of the fibula that forms the lateral bulge of the ankle is the what?

Lateral malleolus

Which is the largest tarsal bone, commonly known as the heel bone?

Calcaneus

Which tarsal bone articulates directly with the tibia?

Talus

What is the anatomical name for the big toe?

Hallux

How are joints functionally classified if they are immovable?

Synarthroses

How are joints functionally classified if they are freely movable?

Diarthroses

The joint between the trapezius and the 1st metacarpal is what type of synovial joint?

Saddle joint

The elbow and knee joints are classified as what type of synovial joint?

Hinge joint

Which type of synovial joint is found between the atlas and the axis?

Pivot joint

What movement involves moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

Abduction

What movement involves decreasing the angle between two bones?

Flexion

What is the movement of the sole of the foot inward toward the midline?

Inversion