Chemistry Midterm 2 (Lectures 11-17)

What is a solvent?

The substance in larger quantity that dissolves the solute,

What is a solute?

The substance present in smaller quantity that gets dissolved,

What is concentration?

Amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solute or solution.

What is the parts per million (ppm) unit for concentration?

grams of solute/10^6 grams of solution

What is the molarity fornuka?

M = n(moles of solute)/ v(volume of solution)

What is stoichometry exactly?

Using molar ratios to find numerical relationships between reactants and products.

What is the dilution formula?

Mdilute X Vdilute = Mconcentarted X V concentrated.

What ‘s an electrolyte?

A solute that produces ions in a solution.

HCL (hydrochloric acid)is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

HBr (hydrobromic acid) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

HI (hydroiodic acid) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

HClO₄( chlorous acid) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

KBr (potassium bromide) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

NaCl (sodium chloride) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

KOH (potassium hydroxide) is a

Strong electrolyte (dissolves into ions)

CH₃CO₂H (acetic acid) is a

Weak electrolyte (partially dissociates into ions)

HF (hydroflouric acid) is a

Weak electrolyte (partially dissociates into ions)

H₂O (water) is a

non electrolyte

CH₃OH (methanol) s a

non electrolyte

C₂H₅OH (ethyl alcohol) is a

non electrolyte

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (sucrose) is a

non electrolyte

Most inorganic compounds are

non electrolyte

What are the solubility guidelines for soluble compounds?

• Salts containing Group 1 elements are soluble

• Salts containing nitrate (NO₃^-) ions are soluble

• Salts containing Cl, Br, or I (halides) are soluble

• Most sulfates (SO₄) are soluble

• Hydroxide salts of Group 1 elements are soluble, but most are slightly soluble.

What are some exceptions to the solubility guidelines for SOLUBLE compounds?

• Halide salts of Ag, Hg, and Pb are insoluble, but AgNO₃ and Ag(C₂H₃O₂) are soluble

• Sulfates bonded with Ca,Ba, Ag, Pb, or Sr are insoluble

• Hydroxide salts of Transition metals and Al+3 are insoluble.

What are the solubility guidelines for INSOLUBLE compounds?

• Most silver salts are insoluble except for AgNO3 and Ag(C2H3O2)

• Most sulfides of transition metals are insoluble

• Carbonates (CO₃) are frequently insoluble

• Chromates (CrO₄) are frequently insoluble

• Phosphates are frequently insoluble

• Fluorides are frequently insoluble

How do you name acids?

You change the ide to an ic, an ate to an ic, the ite to an ous, and all prefixes are kept. Acid is added at the end.

What does oxidation mean?

Oxidation is an increase in the oxidation number, so it will be what is losing electrons.

What does reduction mean?

Reduction means a decrease in the oxidation number, so it will be what is gaining electrons.

What is the oxidizing agent?

What is reduced

What is the reducing agent?

What is oxidized.

What are the steps to balancing redox reactions?

For each half reaction:

• Balance elements (except H, O)

• Balance O using H₂O

• Balance H using H⁺

• Balance charge by using electrons

Add equations back together and cancel out e’s.

What is Charles’s Law?

volume and temperature are proportional.

What’s Avogadro’s Law?

One mole of any gas will occupy 22.4 L at STP

What are the STP measurements?

273 K and 1 atm

What is Boyle’s Law?

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional.

What is the ideal gas law?

Idela gases are ones that are under high temperature and low pressure. No IMFs are assumed and volume is considered to be zero.

How do you get gas density?

You would multiply n (number of moles) by the molar mass of the element snd rearrange the equation so that the number is being divided by V.

What is Dalton’s law Of Partial Pressures?

P1 + P2 + P3 = P total of a mixture.

What is the mole fraction?

number of moles of components in the mixture/total moles present

What are real gases?

Gases that operate under a finite volume. They are under low temperature and high pressure, and they have Van Der Waals forces of attraction and repulsion between molecules,

What is the kinetic molecular theory?

Gases consist of tiny particles, particles move in constant random motion, collisions are perfectly elastic, and there are no IMF’s.

What is diffusion?

Mixing of gases

What is effusion?

Rate of passage of gas through a tiny orifice in a chamber.

What is the relationship between speed and molar mass of a gas?

They are inversely proportional, as the molar mass increases, the average speed of the gas molecules decreases.