TRUE FINAL REVIEW

Dictator 

a Roman Republican office with absolute authority over the state for a limited time during emergencies

Hellenistic

a description of Greek history, language, and culture in the period 323–31 BCE

Levant

a historical geographical term referring to an area in the eastern Mediterranean consisting roughly of modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria

Linear A

a script developed by the Minoans but not yet deciphered by modern scholars

Linear B

a Mycenaean script developed from Linear A that was used to write an early form of the Greek language

mystery religions

religious cults that featured secret rituals (the so-called mysteries) and became popular in Hellenistic cities

optimates 

politicians who supported the old order and the traditional leadership of elites politicians who supported the old order and the traditional leadership of elites

polis 

a city-state in Ancient Greece 

populares 

politicians who sought the political support of discontented groups in Roman society 

principate

the political system established by Augustus Caesar after 27 BCE, which relied on Rome’s traditional institutions and practices to legitimize a military dictatorship

proletariat

the landless working class

Struggle of the Orders 

a political contest during the first centuries of the Republic in which Rome’s commoners sought equal rights with elites

Twelve Tables

the first set of written laws in Rome, from about 450 BCE

Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were the sons of what Roman god?

Mars

What is the name given to the social relationship between a wealthy person and his social dependents, which often dictated how commoners voted or which politicians they supported in exchange for legal or financial assistance?

patron-client system

What is the name given to the social conflict between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (commoners) in Roman history?

The Struggle of the Orders

According to the textbook, what word is derived from the concept that government is about public business and done in public?

Republic

In the early republic, what class of people controlled the highest political positions in the state?

patricians

Which of the following best describes the challenges that Roman armies posed to the Roman Republic after Marius?

Marius lowered qualification to permit landless citizens to join the army and, as a source of employment, the soldiers were more loyal to the general who hired them than to the state.

Both Marius and Sulla were the pioneers in the use of what type of army to boost their political careers?

Client army

The First Punic War between Rome and Carthage was over what island?

Sicily

Why were the Twelve Tables important in the development of the Roman Republic?

They contained the first law code that was written, which made it accessible to all citizens.

Which of the following is not a Roman tactic in war according to the textbook?

Releasing captured soldiers back to their cities to show good will and bring a favorable end to conflict.

What is the lesson learned in the textbook's rendering of the story of the Sabine women?

One does not have to be born a Roman to receive Roman citizenship

What is the name of the faction in the late Roman Republic that supported the cause of the discontented groups and common citizens?

Populares

To what form of government did the Romans transition after ousting the Etruscan kings in 509 BCE?

Republic

According to the textbook, which Roman assembly was responsible for electing the Quaestors, men in charge of public money?

The Tribal Assembly

What is the book's conclusion about Roman power after the defeat of the Achaean League and the sack of Carthage, both in 146 BCE?

Rome's power in the Mediterranean was largely unchallenged.

Which of the following best explains the social problem at the heart of how the Roman Republic collapsed?

Common Romans often faced challenges from conquests that the government, in the hands of wealthy elite, often would not address, straining the loyalty of people to the government.

The Punic Wars were fought between the Roman Republic and what other state?

Carthage

What is the name of the political order established by Augustus in cooperation with the Senate, and derived from the title meaning "leading citizens of the Senate"?

Principate

Which of the following is not one of the public assemblies that governed the Roman Republic?

The Roman Assembly

The Third Punic War was a war fought between the Romans and what other Mediterranean power?

The Holy Roman Empire

Who were the patricians and plebeians?

Patricians = aristocratic elite; Plebeians = common citizens.

What was the Struggle of the Orders?

political conflict between patricians and plebeians for equality under Roman law.

What power did tribunes have?

The power of veto to protect plebeians from unfair actions by officials.

What were the Punic Wars?

Series of wars between Rome and Carthage (264–146 BCE).

Who was Hannibal?

Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with elephants to attack Rome. 

What was Rome’s strategy for conquering Italy?

“Divide and conquer” — defeat one enemy at a time, offer allies self-government. 

What was Rome’s attitude toward conquered peoples?

They often offered alliances or partial citizenship in exchange for loyalty.

What caused social unrest after the Punic Wars?

Loss of small farms, rise of slave plantations, overcrowding in Rome.

chivalry

a code of ideal conduct meant to validate the practices of noble warriors by Christianizing knightly violence and behavior

Cluniac reform

a movement that aimed to limit the influence of aristocrats in church matters

dynatoi

members of the Byzantine elite who often compromised imperial authority

feudalism

a collection of practices that bound lesser lords to greater lords through land and privileges given in return for personal and military support

Great Schism of 1054

the conflict that solidified the separation of the eastern and western Christian churches

jihad

a religiously infused conflict waged on behalf of Islam, or any struggle a Muslim undertakes in the name of Allah

mamluks

educated, formerly enslaved men who served as soldiers and administrators in Islamic societies beginning in the ninth century

manorialism

a medieval economic system of agricultural production directed by a lord and carried out by serfs or other varieties of unfree laborers

Outremer

the French name for the four Crusader States created after the First Crusade, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem

papacy

the set of administrative structures associated with the government of the Catholic Church primarily—but not exclusively—linked with the city of Rome

serfs

unfree peasants who owed labor to a feudal lord and lived under the lord’s authority

Sufism

the mystical expression of Islamic faith

sultan

a ruler who claims authority over the Islamic community but not necessarily the title of caliph

While the Abbasid caliphs had other rivals, like the Umayyads in Spain, what was peculiar about the Fatimids?

They were a Shia dynasty that claimed to have spiritual authority as imams.

What is the name of the specific Turkish dynasty that took control of the Abbasid territory in the eleventh century?

Seljuks

What term labels the idea that all people in Germanic society have a monetary value for determining fines for injury or killing?

Wergild

The idea of “convivencia” is applied to religious groups in what region?

Al-Andalus

Which of the following best describe the goal of the Cluniac reform? 

The goal was to remove the influence of secular lords from the management of the church.

What is the name for the Norse raiders who plundered monasteries at the end of the Carolingian period?

Vikings

What is the name of the Frankish queen whose patronage of monasteries is highlighted?

Radegund

Which group was considered the most successful of the Germanic tribes in this chapter?

The Franks

What name do historians give to the administrative structures, headed by the Bishop of Rome, that governed the Catholic Church?

Papacy

What is the name (from the French for “overseas”) for the Crusader States?

Outremer

What contribution to western culture did the monk Alcuin of York make during the Carolingian Renaissance?

He reformed the writing system to make Latin easier to read

What is the name of the unfree laborers in the feudal system? 

Serfs

What Germanic ruler is mentioned at the beginning of the chapter? 

Charlemagne

What name is given to enslaved Turkish soldiers, converted to Islam, and meant to serve the Abbasid caliph?

Mamluks

What event does the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem commemorate for Muslims?

A miraculous journey where Muhammad was allowed to see Allah before continuing his prophetic mission

What group is meant by the term "laity"?

Christians who are not members of the clergy

What is the name of the code of conduct that was created by the Catholic Church to Christianize knightly violence?

Chivalry

Which of the following best describes the idea of feudalism as described in the textbook?

It is a social system where fighters received land in exchange for service to lords 

What happened on 476 that historians use it as the date of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire?

A Germanic warlord deposed the last Roman Emperor. 

For what reason did the elite in Greek colonies sometimes share political power with the commoners?

They needed soldiers to defend the colony

What historical period in Greek history follows the Classical Age? 

The Hellenistic Age

What is the name for the period of time of Greek revival after the Greek Dark Ages in the 8th century BCE?

The Archaic Age

On what island would you find the Minoan civilization?

Crete

What is the name of the writing system we associate with the Minoans?

Linear A

What is the name of the civilization that flourished on mainland Greece during the Late Bronze Age?

The Mycenaean civilization

What is the Greek term for a city-state?

Polis

What is the name of the league established by Athens to liberate Greek cities from Persian control?

The Delian League

Which of the following is the earliest writing system for Greek that we can read?

Linear B

Match the Hellenistic ruler with the region they took control of after the death of Alexander. 

Region	Ruler
Macedon	Antigonus
The former Persian Empire	Seleucus
Egypt	Ptolemy
The Bactrian kingdom	Menander

Macedon = Menander 

Bactrian Kingdom = Menander 

Egypt = Ptolemy

The Former Persian Empire = Seleucus

What is the name of religions that emerged in the Hellenistic period whose adherents were sworn to secrecy about the religion’s rituals?

Mystery religions

The first Persian invasion of Greece was defeated by the Athenians.

True

What people did the Persians rely on for naval forces in their wars against the Greeks?

Phoenicians

In order to cope with the lack of arable land, the Spartans conquered their neighbors, took their lands, and enslaved them.

True

In the Late Bronze Age, Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece had what type of an economy?

Redistributive economy

With what group of people from the Italian Peninsula did both the Phoenicians and Greeks come into contact?

Etruscans

What is the term used to indicate the region that includes modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria?

The Levant

What is the name for the period of Greek revival after the Greek Dark Ages in the 8th century BCE?

The Archaic Age

Dictator 

a Roman Republican office with absolute authority over the state for a limited time during emergencies

Hellenistic

a description of Greek history, language, and culture in the period 323–31 BCE

Levant

a historical geographical term referring to an area in the eastern Mediterranean consisting roughly of modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria

Linear A

a script developed by the Minoans but not yet deciphered by modern scholars

Linear B

a Mycenaean script developed from Linear A that was used to write an early form of the Greek language

mystery religions

religious cults that featured secret rituals (the so-called mysteries) and became popular in Hellenistic cities

optimates 

politicians who supported the old order and the traditional leadership of elites politicians who supported the old order and the traditional leadership of elites

polis 

a city-state in Ancient Greece 

populares 

politicians who sought the political support of discontented groups in Roman society