Module 2 Organic Chemistry Portage

Hydrocarbons

molecules composed only of carbon and hydrogen

Saturated hydrocarbons

Alkanes are considered ______, because they only have single C-C bonds

Linear, Branched, or Cyclic

what are the possible carbon skeleton shapes of alkanes?

Cycloalkanes

alkanes with cyclic carbon structures

Methane

CH₄

C_nH_2n

What is the molecular formula for Alkenes

C₂H₆

Ethane

C₃H₈

Propane

C₄H₁₀

Butane

C₅H₁₂

Pentane

C₆H₁₄

Hexane

C₇H₁₆

Heptane

C₈H₁₈

Octane

C₉H₂₀

Nonane

C₁₀H₂₂

Decane

the larger molecular weight, the more constitutional isomers possible

How does molecular weight affect the number of constitutional isomers?

-ane

what is the suffix indicating a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane) ?

all acrylic saturated alkanes

The suffix -ane is used for _________

by combining the prefix and the suffix

how are linear (continuous) alkanes named in accordance with IUPAC?

Longest continuous chain of carbon in the skeleton

how is the parent name of the molecular in a branched alkane determined?

substituent

any group attached to the parent chain

alkyl groups

saturated hydrocarbon substituents are known as _______

-yl

The name of an alkyl substituent is determined by using a prefix corresponding to the number of carbons present and changing the -ane suffix to “______”

start at the position to the closest substituent

in a basic sense, how do you know where to start numbering and placing locusts?

Locant-(prefix)substituentparent

order for systematic names

they are listed alphabetically in the final name of the compound

what do you do if there are two or more different substituents on a parent chain?

-o

Halogen atoms as substituents are named by changing the -ine ending of the halogen element name to ____

Tert-Butyl or t-Butyl

What is this akyl group?

Isobutyl

What is the name of this akyl group?

Sec-Butyl

What is the name of this akyl group?

butyl or n-Butyl

What is the name of this akyl group?

isopropyl

what is the name of this akyl group?

Propyl or n-Propyl

What is the name of this akyl group

Water-insoluble

when in reference to Alkanes solubility in water, they are ________ _______

hydrogen bonding

when hydrogen is electronically attracted to another atom, like in water, this is called

increases

as molecular weight increases, MP and BP ________

Van Der Waals Forces (VDWFs)

the attractive forces between non-polar molecules

nonbonding intermolecular forces

attractive forces between molecules that are not a true bond in sense of atom sharing or donating electrons to each other.

Conformations

Alkanes can adopt ______ which are different orientations of atoms or groups of atoms

Conformers

different shapes of molecules derived by rotations of single bonds are referred to as _______ of one another

Newman Projections

shows the confirmation of molecules when looking down a particular bond axis. Allow us to visualize the relationships between atoms.

C_nH_2n

Formula for cycloalkanes with one ring

Cyclopropane

What is the name of this cycloalkane?

Cyclobutane

What is the name of this cycloalkane?

Cyclopentane

What is the name of this cycloalkane?

Cyclohexane

What is the name of this cycloalkane?

Cycloheptane

What is the name of this cycloalkane?

begin with the highest alphabetical priority substituent

how do you begin to number the substituents on a cycloalkane

angle strain

deviation from ideal bond angles in cycloalkanes

torsional strain

eclipsing interactions in cycloalkanes that contribute to the instability of the molecule

ring strain

the total amount of strain energy in a cycloalkane

chair conformation

the most stable conformation that cyclohexane can adopt

non-planar conformation

slight rotation around the cycloalkane C-C bonds, include puckered or enveloped

Stereoisomers

different compounds that have the same connectivity between atoms but differ in positioning of certain atoms or substituent groups in a 3D space.

Exothermic

because the combustion reaction produces heat as a product, the reactions are ______

Combustion reaction

what type of reaction is this?

Carbon Monoxide

If a fossil fuel is combusted in a partial oxygen atmosphere, incomplete oxidation of the carbon atoms produces ________

Radical Halogenation (substitution)

halogen atoms (typically Br or Cl) are substituted and take the place of hydrogen atoms on an alkane molecule

Alkyl Halide (Haloalkane)

the product of radical halogenation of an alkane is an __________

Radical Halogenation (Substitution)

what kind of reaction is this?

Halogen Radicals

species with a single unpaired electrons that attack the alkane substrate to pull off hydrogen atoms and substitute themselves in their place.

polyhalogenated products

If the halogen is in stoichiometric excess to the alkane substrate, the reaction can continue further to give _________ products, where more than one hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons molecules that contain one or more C=C bonds in their structure.

C_nH_2n

formula for an alkene containing a single C=C bond

alkynes

hydrocarbon molecules that contain one or more C≡C bonds in their structure

C_nH_2n-2.

what is the formula for alkynes that have a single C≡C

olefins

alkenes are sometimes referred to as ______

Acetylenes

alkynes are sometimes referred to as _______

Unsaturated

in reference to their carbon to hydrogen ration, alkenes and alkynes are considered _______ _______

polyenes

compounds with more than one C=C bonds

polyynes

compound with more than one C≡C bond (more than one triple bond)

-ene

suffix used in alkene naming

-yne

suffix used in alkyne naming

by using di, tri, tetra, etc in addition to the suffix. to indicate the number of bonds

when more than one double or triple bond is present, how is this indicated?

Ethylene

what is the common name for this alkene (1-ethene)

Propylene

What is the name of this alkene (1-propene)

Acetylene

What is the name of this alkyne (1-ethyne)

trigonal planar

the geometry around each carbon atom in a double bond is __________

addition reaction

the most common type of reaction for alkenes and alkynes

Halogenation (chlorination and bromation)

what type of reaction is this?

Hydration

What reaction is this?

addition of an acid

what type of reaction is this?

hydrogenation

what type of reaction is this?

cis

Hydrogenation produces mainly _____ steroisomeres

Oxigenation

what type of reaction is this?

onzonolysis

what type of reaction is this?

aliphatic hydrocarbons

One of the major classes of hydrocarbons represented by alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes

aromatic hydrocarbons

one of the major groups of hydrocarbons represented by benzene. s

-arenes

as a class, aromatic hydrocarbons are also referred to as _____

Toluene

what is the common name for this benzene structure?

Phenol

what is the common name of this benzene structure?

Anisole

what is the common name of this benzene structure?

Benzoic Acid

what is the common name of this benzene structure?

aniline

what is the common name of this benzene structure?

benzaldehyde

what is the common name of this benzene structure?

aryl group

functional groups of aromatic rings

poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

molecules composed of more than one benzene ring fused together

Electrophilic aromatic substitutions reactions (EAS)

benzene derivatives react by substitution in reactions called _______

Electrophiles

chemical species that seeks electrons

EAS Reaction

What is the reaction called?