Vet Tech Chapter 6

digestive system function

intake food, breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste

aliment/o

nourishment

cheil/o, labi/o

lip

bucc/o

cheek

palat/o

palate

rug/o

wrinkle or fold

hard palate

formed by the bony rostral plate that is covered by mucous membranes

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

papillae

elevations on the tongue

gnath/o

jaw

prognathia

elongated mandible

brachygnathia

shortened mandible

dental arcade

arrangement of teeth in mouth

gingiva

mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth

dentition

teeth

deciduous teeth

baby teeth

incisor

front tooth used for cutting

canine

long, pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars. Used for grasping and tearing

premolar

cheek tooth that grinds food

molar

caudal cheek tooth that grinds food

dental formula

Represents the typical number of each type of tooth found in the upper and lower arcade

cheek teeth

premolars and molars

needle teeth

eight temporary incisors and canine teeth of young swine

wolf teeth

First premolar in horses

milk teeth

Another name for deciduous teeth

tusks

permanent canine teeth of pigs

salivary glands

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

pharyng/o

pharynx

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

sphincter

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o

abdomen

abdomen location

between diaphragm and pelvis

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

omentum

an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

gastr/o

stomach

monogastric

one stomach

ruminant

one true stomach and 3 forestomachs

herbivore

eats only plants.

carnivore

eats only meat

omnivore

eats both plants and meat

cardia of stomach

entrance near esophagus

fundus of stomach

The upper left portion of the stomach, which has a curved, dome-shaped appearance.

body of stomach

main central region of stomach

antrum of stomach

lower portion of the stomach

pylorus of stomach

narrowed bottom part of stomach

pyloric sphincter

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine

rugae of stomach

interior folds

rumen

largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat

reticulum

the cranial portion of the ruminant stomach with a honeycomb appearance

omasum

the third compartment of the ruminant stomach; squeezes fluid out

abomasum

the true glandular stomach in the ruminant

rumination

the process of bringing up food material from the stomach to the mouth for further chewing

Steps of the rumination process

regurgitation
remastication
resalivation
redeglutition

regurgitation

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

rmastication

rechewing of food

resalivation

add saliva

redeglutition

reswallowing

rumination is also known as

chewing the cud

enter/o

small intestine

mesentery

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

3 sections of small intestine in order

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

duoden/i, duoden/o

duodenum

jejun/o

jejunum

ile/o

ileum

4 sections of large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum, anus

3 sections of the colon

ascending, transverse, descending

rectum

caudal portion of the colon

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.

anal sacs

pair of pouches that store an oily, foul-smelling fluid secreted by the anal glands located in the skin between the internal and external anal sphincters at 4:00 and 8:00 postions. used for marking

Flexures

bends or curves

accessory organs of the digestive system

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats

Functions of the liver include:

1. store excess glucose as glycogen
2. remove toxins from bloodstream
3. destroy old red blood cells
4. produce bile

what animals have no gallbladder?

rat and horse

what enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?

trypsin, amylase, lipase

Digestion

The process by which the body breaks down food into nutrients that the body can use

metabolism

processes involved in the body's use of nutrients

anabolism

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

catabolism

breaking down of body cells and substances

absorption

process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system. Occurs in the small intestine

villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Segmentation

side to side mixing of ingesta in the intestines

Barium

contrast material used for radiographic studies

enema

The introduction of fluid into the rectum and lower colon

biopsy

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

blood tests

determination of blood parameters used to detect some diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

preprandial

before a meal

postprandial

after a meal

colonoscopy

visual examination of the colon

endoscope

tubelike instrument with lights and refracting mirrors that is used to examine the body or organs internally

esophagoscopy

endoscopic visual examination of the esophagus

fecal examination

various procedures used to detect parasitic diseases of animals

gastroscopy

endoscopic examination of the stomach

hemocult

test for hidden blood in the stool