anatomy + physiology

What is the key idea of levels of organization?

Each level depends on the level before it.

What happens if one level of organization is removed?

The entire system can fail.

What levels are focused on in this unit?

Cells to organism.

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of an organism.

What is physiology?

The study of the function of an organism.

How are anatomy and physiology related?

They are interrelated; structure affects function.

What happens when structure changes?

Function is affected.

What is the chemical level of organization?

Atoms and molecules.

What is the cellular level of organization?

Cells, the smallest living part of the body.

What is a tissue?

A group of cells working together to perform the same task.

What is an organ?

A group of two or more tissue types working together for a specific function.

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform a major body function.

What is the organismal level?

The entire living organism.

What is a cell?

The smallest living part and building block of the body.

How do cells vary?

In size, shape, and function.

What do all cells need to function?

Food, water, and oxygen.

What is cell specialization?

Cells are adapted to perform specific functions.

Do tissues have the same or different functions?

Same function.

What is the order of organization from smallest to largest?

Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

Give an example of levels of organization.

Cardiac muscle cell → cardiac muscle tissue → heart → circulatory system.

What is the role of organs?

They perform specific jobs.

What is the role of organ systems?

They coordinate the work of organs.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Holds body parts together and connects them.

Give examples of connective tissue.

Bones, ligaments, tendons.

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Covers internal and external body surfaces.

Give examples of epithelial tissue.

Skin and linings of internal organs.

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Expands and contracts to allow movement.

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Carries messages to the central nervous system (CNS).

What pattern do you notice about organ systems and their functions?

Each system has specific organs that work together to perform a major function.

What does epithelial tissue look like under a microscope?

Layers of tightly packed cells forming a surface lining.

What are key features of epithelial tissue?

Layers, tight packing, clear boundary with connective tissue.

What visual feature helps identify muscle tissue?

Striations and long fibers.

What is muscle tissue designed for?

Movement through contraction.

What structural features help nervous tissue function?

Cell body, dendrites, and axon extensions.

What is nervous tissue specialized for?

Communication through signals.

What is histology?

The study of tissues under a microscope.

Why is histology important?

It links structure to function.

What is a tissue (histology definition)?

A group of cells from the same origin working together for a function.

What are the four basic tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Which tissue makes up most of the brain and spinal cord?

Nervous tissue.

Which tissue lines surfaces like skin and organs?

Epithelial tissue.

Which tissue forms ligaments, tendons, fat, and bone?

Connective tissue.

Which tissue makes up most of the heart?

Muscle tissue.

What does "simple" mean in epithelial tissue?

One layer of cells.

What does "stratified" mean in epithelial tissue?

Two or more layers of cells.

What shapes can epithelial cells have?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar.

What does avascular mean?

No blood vessels or blood supply.

Why are lung and digestive tissues simple epithelial?

Allows fast diffusion and absorption.

Why is skin stratified epithelial?

Provides more protection.

What tissue is found under epithelial tissue?

Connective tissue.

How do epithelial cells get nutrients without blood vessels?

Diffusion.

Do epithelial tissues regenerate quickly or slowly?

Rapidly.

Are epithelial cells tightly packed or loosely spaced?

Tightly packed.

What type of epithelial tissue has layers of flat cells?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Which epithelial type is best for diffusion?

Simple.

Which epithelial type is best for protection?

Stratified.

What is the extracellular matrix?

Non-living material between connective tissue cells.

Where is connective tissue found?

Bones, tendons, cartilage, fat, blood, ligaments.

Why do ligaments and tendons heal slowly?

Limited blood supply.

What is a keloid?

Excess fibrous scar tissue after injury.

What cells are found in blood?

RBCs, WBCs, platelets.

Which connective tissue transports substances in the body?

Blood.

What connects bone to bone?

Ligaments.

What connects muscle to bone?

Tendons.

Which connective tissue forms rigid protective structures?

Bone.

What connective tissue stores fat?

Adipose tissue.

Where is cartilage found?

Nose, ears, vertebral discs.

What cushions organs?

Adipose tissue.

What is organ and tissue donation?

Giving organs/tissues to help others.

When does organ donation occur?

After death or sometimes during life.

Is organ donation mandatory?

No, it is voluntary.

When is donation considered in medical care?

After all lifesaving efforts fail.

Name examples of organs that can be donated.

Heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine.