Developmental Psychology: From Womb to Tomb

Flashcards covering the lifespan of developmental psychology, including prenatal stages, cognitive development theories by Piaget, psychosexual stages by Freud, psychosocial stages by Erikson, and moral development by Kohlberg.

Germinal Stage

The two-week period following conception.

Embryonic Stage

The second stage of the prenatal period, lasting from $2-8$ weeks after conception, where cells divide and begin to become bone, muscle, and body organs.

Fetal Stage

The last stage of prenatal development, which lasts from week $8$ until birth.

Proximodistal

A developmental principle where parts closer to the center of the body develop before parts that are further away.

Cephalocaudal Principle

A developmental principle where parts of the body closer to the head develop before parts closer to the feet.

Maturation

Genetic or biological changes that are programmed rather than learned, such as the requirement for infants to sit before they can stand.

Motor Development

The acquisition of motor skills in stages that all infants pass through, though at different times based on experience.

Schema

A framework for understanding the world.

Assimilation

The process of interpreting a new experience within an existing schema.

Accommodation

The process of changing an existing schema to handle new information.

Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of Piaget's theory ($\text{birth to } 2$ years) where children think about the world through senses and motor movement, object permeance.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage ($2-7$ years) characterized by egocentrism, symbolic play (represents what happens in house and theory of other people), and a lack of conservation.

Egocentric

The state of only being able to see things from one's own point of view, typical of children in the preoperational stage.

Conservation

The understanding that properties like mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in form; this is lacked in the preoperational stage but mastered in the concrete operational stage.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage ($7-11$ years) where conservation is mastered, math is understood without models, and concrete analogies are comprehended.

Formal Operations Stage

The final stage of Piaget's theory ($12$ and up) characterized by abstract thinking, potential for moral reasoning, and hypothetical deduction.

Crystallized Intelligence

An individual's factual or word knowledge, which can continue to grow through adulthood.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to problem solve quickly and use a variety of methods, which typically decreases in adulthood.

Social Development

How a person develops a sense of self or identity, relationships with others, and social skills for personal interactions.

Attachment

A close emotional bond that develops between an infant and his or her caregiver(s)

Oral Stage

Freud's first psychosexual stage ($0-18$ months) regarding nursing, weaning, and gratification, fixation can occur.

Anal Stage

Freud's second psychosexual stage ($1.5-3$ years) centered on holding and eliminating waste and learning self-control, fixation can occur.

Phallic Stage

Freud's third psychosexual stage ($3-6$ years) involving competition for parental affection, power envy, and castration anxiety, fixation can occur.

Latency Stage

Freud's fourth psychosexual stage ($6$ to puberty) where sexual feelings are suppressed and children focus on non-sexual pursuits like reading and writing.

Genital Stage

Freud's final psychosexual stage (puberty to adulthood) involving renewed sexual desires and the development of healthy relationships.

Trust v Mistrust

Erikson's first psychosocial stage ($\text{birth to } 1$) where infants learn if human beings are responsive or neglectful.

Autonomy v Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second psychosocial stage ($1-3$) where toddlers explore; success leads to independence, while punishment leads to a sense that exploration is bad.

Initiative v Guilt

Erikson's third psychosocial stage ($3-5$) where children assume responsibility and make plans; encouraged= more initiative, discouraged=feel guilty and unable to plan for future.

Industry v Inferiority

Erikson's fourth psychosocial stage ($5-12$) where children develop a sense of competence through completing projects and socializing; complete tasks=develop sense of industry(sense of who they wanna be), incomplete tasks=feel inferior and incompetent)

Identity v Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage (Adolescence) where teens adopt purposeful responsible behaviors to develop a sense of self; successful=confident and sense of self, unsuccessful=low self esteem and socially withdraw.

Intimacy v Isolation

Erikson's sixth psychosocial stage ($20-40$) focused on finding meaning through loving relationships.

Generativity v Stagnation

Erikson's seventh psychosocial stage ($40-65$) where adults aim to help the younger generation develop worthwhile lives.

Integrity v Despair

Erikson's final psychosocial stage (Late Adulthood) where individuals reflect on their lives to feel content or regretful.

Authoritarian

A parenting style described as a dictatorship.

Permissive

A parenting style characterized by parental submission to the child's whims.

Authoritative

A democratic parenting style involving negotiation.

Preconventional Morality

Kohlberg's first level of morality where choices are made to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Conventional Morality

Kohlberg's second level of morality where choices are made to gain approval or perform duty to society.

Postconventional Morality

Kohlberg's third level of morality involving the affirmation of agreed-upon rights.