MSM

What are the three components of the Multistore Model of memory proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin?

Sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

How does information flow through the Multistore Model of memory?

Information passes sequentially from sensory register to short-term memory and then to long-term memory.

What is meant by 'coding' in the context of memory?

Coding refers to the way in which information is changed and stored in memory.

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

The sensory register has an unknown but supposedly unlimited capacity.

What is the duration of information in the sensory register?

Less than one second (approximately 250 milliseconds).

What type of coding occurs in the sensory register?

Modality specific coding, which is raw or unprocessed information.

What is the capacity of short-term memory (STM)?

STM has a capacity of 7±2 chunks of information.

What is the duration of information in short-term memory (STM)?

The duration of STM is limited, typically around 20-30 seconds.

What type of coding is used in short-term memory (STM)?

Information is processed acoustically in STM.

What is the capacity of long-term memory (LTM)?

LTM has an unlimited capacity.

What is the duration of information in long-term memory (LTM)?

LTM can last a lifetime.

What type of coding is used in long-term memory (LTM)?

Information is coded semantically (by meaning) in LTM.

What did Miller (1956) contribute to the understanding of short-term memory?

Miller proposed that STM has a capacity of 7±2 chunks of information.

What did Baddeley (1966) find regarding encoding in memory?

Baddeley found that STM uses acoustic coding while LTM uses semantic coding.

What did Peterson & Peterson (1959) investigate?

They investigated the duration of short-term memory using trigrams and interference tasks.

What did Bahrick (1975) find about long-term memory?

Bahrick supported the idea that long-term memory has an unlimited duration.

What is the significance of chunking in memory?

Chunking allows individuals to remember more information by organizing it into manageable units.

What was the aim of Baddeley's research on coding?

To examine how information is coded in memory.

What were the findings of Baddeley's research regarding STM and LTM?

STM struggled with acoustically similar words, while LTM struggled with semantically similar words.

What was the method used by Jacobs (1887) to study STM capacity?

Jacobs used a digit span test to examine the capacity of STM for numbers and letters.

What conclusion can be drawn from Jacobs' research on STM capacity?

Jacobs found an average span of 7.3 letters and 9.3 words, supporting Miller's theory.

What is a limitation of Miller's theory regarding STM capacity?

Miller did not specify how large each chunk of information could be.

What does the term 'interference task' refer to in Peterson & Peterson's study?

An interference task involves distracting participants from recalling items, affecting their memory performance.

What were the verbal items tested in Peterson & Peterson's study?

48 three-consonant nonsense syllables (trigrams) and three-digit numbers.

What is the main conclusion from Peterson & Peterson's research?

The duration of short-term memory is limited and can be affected by interference.

What was the main finding of Peterson & Peterson's study on short-term memory (STM)?

The longer the interval before recall, the less accurate the recall; at 3 seconds, 80% were recalled correctly, but only 10% at 18 seconds.

What does Peterson & Peterson's study suggest about the duration of STM?

STM has a limited duration of approximately 18 seconds.

What was a limitation of Peterson & Peterson's sample?

They used a sample of 24 psychology students, which may lead to demand characteristics and limits generalizability.

Why might Peterson & Peterson's study lack ecological validity?

Participants were asked to recall three-letter trigrams, which do not reflect typical memory tasks in everyday life.

What was the aim of Bahrick's research on long-term memory (LTM)?

To investigate the duration of LTM.

What were the results of Bahrick's study regarding name and face recognition?

90% accuracy after 14 years and 60% accuracy after 47 years.

What conclusion did Bahrick draw from his research?

People can remember certain types of information, such as names and faces, for almost a lifetime.

What is a limitation of Bahrick's research regarding population validity?

The sample consisted of American university graduates, which may not represent other populations.

What is a potential issue with Bahrick's findings on LTM accuracy over time?

It is unclear whether LTM becomes less accurate over time due to limited duration or age-related decline.

How does Clive Wearing's case support the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?

He could only remember information for 20-30 seconds but could recall past memories, supporting the idea of discrete memory stores.

What does Miller's research suggest about STM capacity?

STM has a limited capacity of 7±2 chunks of information.

What does Baddeley and Hitch's work contribute to the understanding of STM?

They developed the working memory model (WMM) to explain the complexity of STM and parallel processing.

What evidence supports the idea of different brain areas being responsible for STM and LTM?

Brain scans show different areas are active during STM tasks (hippocampus) and LTM tasks (motor cortex).

What is a criticism of the MSM regarding its approach to memory?

It takes a nomothetic approach, potentially oversimplifying the complexity of human memory.

What is experimental reductionism in the context of memory research?

It attempts to explain complex behavior by isolating variables in laboratory experiments, which may undermine the complexity of memory.

What is the implication of Peterson & Peterson's findings for memory rehearsal?

Without rehearsal, information in STM is unlikely to be transferred to LTM.

How does Bahrick's study relate to real-life memory applications?

It has high ecological validity as it involved recalling real-life information, which can be applied to everyday memory.

What is the significance of the interval duration in Peterson & Peterson's study?

It demonstrates the rapid decay of memory without rehearsal in STM.

What does the MSM suggest about the process of memory formation?

Memories are formed by passing information from one store to the next in a linear fashion.

What are the implications of Wearing's case for understanding memory impairment?

It illustrates how damage to specific parts of the MSM can lead to memory loss.

What is the primary focus of the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

To describe the structure and process of memory, including sensory memory, STM, and LTM.

What type of encoding does Bahrick's research suggest is used in LTM?

Semantic encoding.

What is the relationship between the duration of STM and rehearsal according to Peterson & Peterson?

Rehearsal is necessary to maintain information in STM and transfer it to LTM.

What does the term 'demand characteristics' refer to in the context of Peterson & Peterson's study?

Participants may alter their behavior based on their awareness of being studied, affecting the results.

What does the term 'ecological validity' mean in psychological research?

The extent to which findings can be generalized to real-world settings.

How does the MSM explain memory retrieval?

It suggests that retrieval involves accessing stored information from LTM back to STM.

What is the significance of the findings from Miller, Peterson & Peterson, and Bahrick for the MSM?

They provide empirical support for the model's claims about the capacity and duration of memory stores.