Animal nutrients mineral

What is calcium major functions

blood coagulation; muscle contraction; nerve function; cell permeability; milk production, egg shell formation.

what is calcium deficiency symptoms

thin-shelled eggs; hypocalcemia or milk fever in dairy cattle

what is calcium the interrelationships and toxicities

Vitamin D involved in absorption and bone disposition; excess P decreases absorption, Ca in bone and increase Ca excretion; Ca:P ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1

What is Phosphorus major functions

phosphorylation high- energy phosphate bonds; PO4 chief anion radical of intracellular fluid; PO4 important in acid-base balance

What is Phosphorus deficiency symptoms

reduced egg production

What is Phosphorus the interrelationships and toxicities

Vitamin D involved in renal reabsorption and bone deposition; excess Ca and Mg causes decrease in absorption; CA:P ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 in male ruminants, excess P may cause urinary calculi

What is sodium major functions

Major cation of extracellular fluid where it it involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base equilibrium; preservation of normal muscle cell irritability; cell permeability.

What is sodium deficiency symptoms

reduced growth; eye disturbances with corneal lesions; reproduction impairment ( infertility in males, delayed sexual maturity in females)

What is sodium the interrelationships and toxicities

salt toxicity readily occurs in non- ruminants with levels above 8% in diet; staggering gait blindness, nervous disorders and hypertension

What is chlorine major functions

Major anion involved in osmotic pressure and acid -base balance ( chlorine shift); hydrochloric acid in digestion

What is chlorine deficiency symptoms

Hypochloremic alkalosis (usually due to physiological disturbance such as vomiting rather then deficiency)

What is magnesium major functions

enzyme activator primarily in glycolytic system; bone formation

What is magnesium deficiency symptoms

Vasodilation; hyperirritability with convulsions, loss of equilibrium and trembling

What is magnesium the interrelationships and toxicities

Excess upsets Ca And P metabolism; toxicity not likely

What is Potassium major functions

Major cation of intracellular fluid where it is involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance; muscle activity

What is Potassium deficiency symptoms

Hypokalemia; lethargic condition with high incidence of comas and death; diarrhea, distended abdomen and untidy appearance

What is Potassium the interrelationships and toxicities

Excess reduces Mg absorption; Mg deficiency reduces K retention leading to K deficiency

What is Sulfur major functions

component of biotin and thiamine Sulfur containing amino acids; SH group function in tissue respiration;

What is Sulfur deficiency symptoms

Primarily reduced growth effect due to sulfur amino acid requirement for protein synthesis

What is Iron major functions

cellular respiration (hemoglobin, cytochromes, myoglobin)

What is Iron deficiency symptoms

Hypochromic-microcytic anemia ( less than normal amount of hemoglobin and fewer red cells) ;anemia may be common in baby pigs Fe is supplied

What is Iron the interrelationships and toxicities

Ca: P ration influences absorption; Cu required for proper metabolism; pyridoxine deficiency decrease absorption

What is copper major functions

Cofactor in several oxidation-reduction enzyme systems; hemoglobin synthesis; bone formation; maintenance of myelin of nerves ; hair pigmentation

What is copper deficiency symptoms

fading hair coat or lack of wool; nervous symptoms or ataxia; lameness, swelling of joints and fragility of bones; anemia

What is copper the interrelationships and toxicities

Excess Mo, Zn inhibit its utilization and storage; toxicity occurs at levels above 250 ppm with much the same symptoms as deficiency

What is zinc major functions

component of cofactor of several enzymes systems including peptides and carbonic anhydrase; needed for bone and feathers/

What is zinc deficiency symptoms

Poor hair or feather development and slipping of wool; rough and thickened skin or parakeratosis in swine

What is zinc the interrelationships and toxicities

High Ca or phytale ties up Zn; excess Zn interferes with Cu metabolism and may cause anemia

What is Cobalt major functions

Component of vitamin B12 ;needed by rumen bacteria for growth and vitamin B12 synthesis

What is Cobalt deficiency symptoms

Anemia

What is Cobalt the interrelationships and toxicities

related in vitamin B12; toxicity unlikely

What is Iodine major functions

Thyroxine formation

What is Iodine deficiency symptoms

Goiter; stillbirth; hairless pigs or woodless lambs at birth

What is Iodine the interrelationships and toxicities

Long-term intake of high amounts reduces thyroid uptake of this mineral

What is Manganese major functions

Thought to be an activator of enzyme system involved in oxidative phosphorylation , amino acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism; growth reproduction.

What is Manganese deficiency symptoms

Poor growth; shortened long bones; impaired reproduction, perosis or slipped tendon in poultry

What is manganese the interrelationships and toxicities

Excess Ca, P and FE decrease absorption

What is Fluorine major functions

traces protect against teeth decay

What is Fluorine deficiency symptoms

excesses F are of more concern than deficiencies in livestock production

What is Fluorine the interrelationships and toxicities

Levels above 5-10 ppm block vital
oxidative enzymes by interfering with Mn; causes bone deformities, enamel defects and organ degeneration; Ca and Al salts protect against toxicity; F is a cumulative poison so toxicity may not be noted for some time

What is Molybdenum major functions

purine metabolism; stimulates microbial activity in rumen

What is Molybdenum deficiency symptoms

lack of conversion of xanthine to uric acid but not likely to be deficient in natural diet

What is molybdenum the interrelationships and toxicities

Excess interferes with Cu activation of enzymes; causes anemia and diarrhea ; SO4 protects against toxicity

What is Selenium major functions

Component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which reduces peroxides arising from tissue lipid oxidation; thus, protects
against cellular membrane damage by peroxides; functions are closely related to that of vitamin E

What is Selenium deficiency symptoms

Excudative diathesis (chicks); muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease), cattle; stiff lamb disease-sheep; liver necrosis (pigs, rats)

What is selenium the interrelationships and toxicities

Chronic toxicity yields blind staggers at 10-20 ppm or alkali disease at 5-10 ppm; acute toxicity occurs at 20 ppm and above; sudden death; SO, protector against toxicity