Cybersecurity Lecture 5

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Last updated 9:28 AM on 6/14/26
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23 Terms

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3 layers of the internet

  • Surface web

  • Deep web

  • Dark web

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Surface web

Websites indexed by search engines (google, news sites, social media)

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Deep web

Content not indexed by search engines(email, banking portals, databases, hospital records)

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Dark web

Part of the internet requiring special software to access. Contains both legitimate and criminal activity

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3 Tor nodes

  • Guard (entry)

  • Middle Relay

  • Exit Node

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Guard Node

It knows your IP address but not your destination

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Middle Relay

Only the previous and next node

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Exit node

Knows the destination website and can see unencrypted HTTP traffic, but does not know your real IP address

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Main darknet networks

  • Tor

  • I2P

  • Freenet

  • ZeroNet

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Legitimate uses Dark web

  • Journalism

  • Whistleblowing

  • Activism

  • Privacy

  • Security research

  • Law enforcement investigation

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SecureDrop

A secure platform that allows anonymous communication between journalists and sources

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How dark web marketplaces built trust

  • Escrow payments

  • Reputation systems

  • Reviews and ratings

  • PGP-encrypted communication

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Escrow payments

Funds are held by the marketplace until the buyer confirms delivery

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Double extortion ransomware

Attackers steal data and encrypt systems, then threaten to leak the data if ransom is not paid

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Ransomware proces

  • Initial access

  • Data theft

  • Encryption

  • Leak threat

  • Publication/Auction

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RaaS

Ransomware-as-a-Service

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Stylometry

Identifying people through their writing style

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OPSEC

Operational Security. Is the practice of protecting information about yourself so others cannot identify, track, or exploit you

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Onion routing

Tor sends traffic through several encrypted relay nodes so that no single node knows the full path

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PGP encryption

Encryption used for secure communication, often between buyers and vendors on dark web marketplaces

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Monero

A privacy-focused cryptocurrency that hides transaction details better than Bitcoin

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Sock puppet account

A fake online identity used for undercover activity, OSINT, criminal activity, or persona management

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Compartmentalisation

Keeping identities, devices, accounts and activities separate to avoid being linked