architecture test two

what is the orgin of the connection between gothic architecture and colleges/universities?

• education started in monestaries

• priests and monks taught writing so it felt obvious to base universities off of churches

cloister=enclosure

what university was the insperation for USA college architecture in 19th and 20th century

oxford

merton college mob quad

enclosed quarangle reminiscent of monastic colister

what type of architecture is holland hall

new norman gothic based on Mont Saint Michel

Mont Saint Michel

monks used to live there

similarities between Holland and Mont Saint Michel

• butrecess

• pointy tower

• windows

• stones

why was norman gothic “good” for st olaf

normans settled in the area of mont st michel

normans are from scandanivia

The Garden of the Master Nets

Suzhou, China

What side do you enter the garden of the master nets

enter from the northeast

qualities of the garden of the master nets

high walls= confucian scholars cutting onself off from the world

rockery is the focus (mountian)

pond (some argue is a void)

solid/void = yin/yang (daoist connotations)

walls are lighter to offset rocks/greenery

picture window in the garden of the master nets

brings the outside in

moon gate in the garden of the master nets

circle inside a square frames view/ draws people in

Lake Tai rock garden of the master nets

put rocks in lake and let lake shape rock in a cool way

who makes Chinese gardens?

1. scholar(patron)

2. geomancer (fung shui)

3. architect/gardner (chinese gardens are built not planted)

4. master craftsman

5. plant man

Humble admininastors garden

• 13 acres

• gardens are never strait encourages people to stop and look

spatial allusions in gardens

• limited view- cant see everything all at once

• lots of windows, walls, and corridors that direct movement

• mini landscapes

• gardens as 3D representations of Chinese landscape paintings

• choice of plants all have symbolic meanings

Katsura palace

qualities of japanese gardens

• percicely informal

• similar to china path directs people

• favors asymmetry

Japanese zen garden qualities

for buddhist abbots and monks

prespective: group of rocks arranged from largest to smallest

enclosed by a wall

Taj Mahal

qualities of Taj Mahal

• seperated from Agora

• made out of white marbel

• its an octagon

• Shah Jahan built tomb for his wife

What is in the top dome of the Taj Mahal?

• top dome is empty

• false ceiling is lower mainly for acustics

what the public can see of the tomb of the taj mahal

actual tomb is undergrpund

qualities of Taj mahal gardens

• very symmetrical

• very tidy

• traditionally tomb is in the center taj is in the back

• entrence gate is sandstone

• British came and tidied up the garden before there were a lot of trees

• N/S

Versailles

who designed the gardens of Versailles?

Andre Le Notre

Qualities of the gardens is Varsilles

-symmetric

• lots of fountians

• axiel arrangement E/W- because sun king

• diaplays mans control of nature

Mother of all cities mosque

Qualities of the mother of all cities mosque

• Qu’ran insode of the mosque is purportedly written in Saddam Hussein’s blood

• Suddam Hussein is the ruler who built the mosque

• crossed swords on the highway into the Bagndad

What are examples of stone documents in the U.S

• mount rushmore

• lincon memorial

Chancellery of Germany

What is the red area?

the bunker

Qualities of the Chancellery of germany

• usage of the intimidation tatic with use of materials and layout

who was the architect of the chancerally of germany?

Albert Speer

what reasons would Albert Speer have had to build the chancerally of germany?

• His name and building will be known forever

What did Albert Speer say after Hitler died about his involvelemt?

• that he had no idea what was going on

• but he def knew they got stone from a concentration camp and he oversaw all of it

• he survived but got 20 years in prision

model of mount germania

why did Germania never happen?

the coompletion of germania would have been the sucess of adolf hitler

Forbidden City Bejing China

what was the inner/outer court used for/ what ideals led to this?

• outer court is state affairs= man

• inner court is domestic affairs= women

• placemt of inindividuls is based on confusianism

How did confucian values affect the placement of the forbidden city?

• capital is oriented to the cardnial directions

• wall and moat is surrounded by city with three gates on each side

What are the six principals of Chinese architecture?

1. Germancy feng shui

2. enclosure

3. controlled access

4. axiel arrangement

5. symmetry

6. centrality

what are the three principals of geomancy

1. Mountian at back

2. open in front

3. water to contain qi (energy) if qi is out everything is wack

How did the forbidden city encorperte ceng shui

• no mountian origionally so they used dirt they dug up from the moat and piled it in the back to form a mountian

why was the mountian at the back in the forbidden city?

• its on the north (more auspicious)

• allows for good defense

• Qi pools at the bottom of mountiad (pools in the forbidden city)

what materials were made to make the forbidden city:

• marbel

• wood

• imperial gold

what do the bridges symbolize?

the five confucian values:

• humaness

• sense of duty

• knowledge

• reliability

• propriety

what is the purpose of the river in the forbidden city?

• have to contain qi

• allows qi to flow and water contains it

how is enclosure shown in the forbidden city?

• gates, etc.

how is controlled acess shown in the forbidden city?

• allows for controlled acess

• people would wait in line starting at 3 for the chance to see the emperor at 5

• have to follow the path

what are the three main halls of rulein the center of the forbidden city"?

1. hall of supreme harmony

2. hall of central harmony

3. hall of preserving harmony

Hall or supreme harmony symbolism

5 mountians 9 dragons

inside throne room where emperor meets people

cranes symbolize long life

what is the hall of central harmany used for?

1 v 1 meeting

how is centrality used in the forbidden city

purple luminous constellation = north pole star

N/S axiel arrangement

coffered ceilings

made of wood

help dampen sound

palace of heavenly purity

residence of the emperor in forbidden city

palace of earthly tranquility

residence of empress in forbidden city

hall of celestial and terestrial union

where the emperor and empress meet in the forbidden city

why does 9 appear multiple times in the forbidden city

it sound like the word for longevity (jiu)

Shinto

indiginous religion of Japan

Kami

gods of shinto exist as rocks, ocean, trees, rivers, etc.

Ise Shrine

arrangement of Ise grand shrine in Japan

axiel core

who is allowed past these stairs at Ise grand shrine?

priests, god, and emperor

what are the three treasures in shinto?

they are brought by the sun goddess

• sword

• mirror

• gem

Ise shrine is locked down because it supposedely has a sacred treasure in it

the treasures are only brought out for a new emperor

what is Ise’s grand rebuilding tradition?

they rebuild everything every 20 years

they take everythung down and rebuild it

when tearing everything down theres a little building for the sun goddess to live in while the new one is built

Qualities of Hinduism

• reincarnation

• no founder, scripture, central authority, one supreme god, creed of essential beliefs

• Hindu is a term that refers to a wide range of beliefs

What are the main two parts to any hindu site?

-porch for devotes

-shrine for main image

Who is involved in the creation of Hindu temples?

• Patron

• Priest

• achritects

• builders

• sculpters

Northers and sourthern Hindu temple styles

northern style- Nagara

Southern style- Dravida

type and qualities of this temple

rock cut construction at the mamallapuram

• southern

• granite

• stones could have been models for chariots

what is the order of southern style temples in india

• base

• pilaster

• corbel

• entablature

• parapet of pavilions

what is the symbolism behind the temple?

• place sutible as temporary abode for the gods

• follows old association of gods with royalty

• imagery on exterior that of gods and goddesses

northern style temple in India (Shikara)

Great Stupa at Sanchi, India (Buddhist sacred site)

Qualities of Buddhism

• reincarntion

• revrence for images and relics attached to the historical Buddha and other noteworthy individuls

Qualities of the Stupa mound at Sanchi

• Buddah gets creamted and the placed in multiple different locations

• this in one of those locations

• Budda’s remains are in a box under the mound

• railing is catved stone

3 umbrellas (in the stupa mound at sanchi)

• symbolises royalty

• world axis

• connects earth to heavens

what architectual structure is the pagoda based on?

the watchtower

why model your new religions structure (pagoda) on a watchtower?

• symbolizes protection- not related to death (east asida does have foyal tomb mounds like the stupa mound but they do not want to go near it)

Parthenon Athens Greece

Agora

big open space, assembly area (Greece does not get too hot or cold which allows them to have big assembly spaces)

acropolis meaning

higher city

why was the pathernon built?

to worship the goddess Athena

Why did they build the parthenon in that particular spot?

• it’s high which means Athena can look over the city

• Additionally they can see if someone is coming to steal treasure

Temple of Athena Nike

Panathenaic Procession

once a year they take a hand woven garment to Acropolis for Athena

theres a whole procession

types of greek columns

Doric —> Ionic —> Corinthian

what is the role of the Propylaea?

• during the procession the young women and their helpers take the offering abd the healpers continue but everyone else stops here (they make offering at Athena Nike

Propylaea and temple of athena nike

why can you not see the parthenon until your up top?

for controlled view/antipication

qualities of the parthenon

• made slightly curved-columns are slightly buldging to make it look straight (optical illusion)

how was the parthenon destroyed?

Turks used it as a amunition storage and it caught on fire and blew up

What forms has the Parthenon taken over the centuries?

church

mosque

tourist site

the pantheon in Rome Italy

qualities of the Pantheon in Rome Italy

• in the middle of the city

• hole in the ceiling is oculus

• a mathmatically perfect sphere can fit inside

• as you go up materials gets less dense it gets thinner also to make it lighter

• pumice is used at the top which is volcanic rock

cathedral of notre dame Chartres france

HIstory of Chartres Cathedreal

supposedly has Mary’s tunic that she wore when giving birth to Jesus

when the og building burned down the tunic did not so they rebuilt a bigger and better cathedral

barrel vs groin vault

barrell - has. tohave pressure on the sides to keep it up

Groin - goes in multiple directions and is able to go higher