Cardiovascular system

What is another name for the cardiovascular system?

The circulatory system.

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

To transport blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

What are the three main components of the circulatory system?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What is the average blood volume in an adult male?

5–6 L.

What is the average blood volume in an adult female?

4–5 L.

What gas does blood transport from tissues to the lungs?

Carbon dioxide.

What gas does blood transport from the lungs to tissues?

Oxygen.

What does blood transport in addition to gases?

Nutrients and waste products.

What types of regulatory substances are transported by blood?

Hormones and enzymes.

How does blood help regulate the body's internal environment?

By regulating pH and osmosis.

How does blood contribute to temperature regulation?

It helps maintain body temperature.

How does blood help defend the body?

It protects against foreign substances.

What role does blood play in hemostasis?

It forms clots.

What is another name for red blood cells?

Erythrocytes.

What is the normal RBC count?

4–6 million/mm³.

A decreased RBC count is known as what?

Anemia.

An increased RBC count is known as what?

Polycythemia.

What is the major substance found in RBCs?

Hemoglobin.

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

Oxygen transport.

What is the normal hemoglobin range for males?

14–18 g/dL.

What is the normal hemoglobin range for females?

12–16 g/dL.

What effect does decreased hemoglobin have on oxygen transport?

Decreases oxygen-carrying capacity.

What is hematocrit?

The percentage of total blood volume composed of RBCs.

What is the average hematocrit in males?

45%.

What is the average hematocrit in females?

42%.

What is the Rule of Three relating RBC count and hemoglobin?

RBC × 3 = Hgb.

What is the Rule of Three relating hemoglobin and hematocrit?

Hgb × 3 = Hct.

What type of anemia results from iron deficiency?

Nutritional deficiency anemia.

What type of anemia results from blood loss?

Hemorrhagic anemia.

What vitamin deficiency can cause anemia besides iron deficiency?

Folate deficiency.

What anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency?

Pernicious anemia.

What anemia results from destruction of RBCs?

Hemolytic anemia.

What anemia results from bone marrow failure?

Aplastic anemia.

What inherited disorder causes sickle-shaped RBCs?

Sickle-cell anemia.

What is another name for white blood cells?

Leukocytes.

What do elevated WBCs commonly indicate?

Infection or trauma.

What is the normal WBC count?

4,000–11,000 cells/mm³.

What test determines the number of each type of WBC?

WBC differential.

What are the three granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

What are the two agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

What percentage of total WBCs are neutrophils?

About 65%.

What is a major characteristic of neutrophils?

They are highly mobile.

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Phagocytosis.

What percentage of total WBCs are eosinophils?

About 2–5%.

In what tissues are eosinophils commonly found?

Fatty tissue and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Eosinophils are commonly associated with what condition?

Allergies.

What is eosinophilic asthma?

A severe subtype of asthma characterized by elevated eosinophils.

What accumulates in the airways during eosinophilic asthma?

Eosinophils.

What substances released by eosinophils cause airway inflammation?

Chemical mediators and cytokines.

What percentage of WBCs are basophils?

0.5–1%.

What is one function of basophils related to clotting?

They help inhibit blood clotting.

What is another major function of basophils?

Mediating allergic reactions.

What percentage of total WBCs are lymphocytes?

About 25%.

Where are lymphocytes primarily found?

Lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes.

What type of lymphocyte directly attacks virus-infected cells?

T lymphocytes.

What type of lymphocyte directly attacks tumor cells?

T lymphocytes.

What type of lymphocyte develops into plasma cells?

B lymphocytes.

What do plasma cells produce?

Antibodies.

What is the function of antibodies?

To inactivate invading antigens.

What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?

4–8%.

What is the largest type of WBC?

Monocyte.

Monocytes can differentiate into what two cell types?

Macrophages and dendritic cells.

What is another name for platelets?

Thrombocytes.

What is the normal platelet count?

250,000–500,000/mm³.

What is the primary function of platelets?

Blood clotting.

What percentage of blood volume is plasma?

Approximately 55%.

What is the major component of plasma?

Water.

What proteins are found in plasma?

Plasma proteins.

What charged particles are found in plasma?

Electrolytes.

What immune-related substances are found in plasma?

Immunoglobulins.

What gases are carried in plasma?

Respiratory gases.

What metabolic products are carried in plasma?

Waste products.

In what anatomical region is the heart located?

Mediastinum.

What structure lies directly anterior to the heart?

Sternum.

Approximately what portion of the heart lies left of midline?

Two-thirds.

What does PMI stand for?

Point of Maximal Impact.

Where is the PMI normally located?

Fifth intercostal space.

Along what anatomical line is the PMI found?

Mid-clavicular line.

What may a shift in PMI indicate?

Abnormal anatomical positioning of the heart.

What structure surrounds and protects the heart?

Pericardium.

What type of sac is the pericardium?

Double-walled membranous sac.

What is the outer layer of the pericardium called?

Fibrous pericardium.

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

Parietal and visceral layers.

What is another name for the visceral pericardium?

Epicardium.

What is the space between pericardial layers called?

Pericardial space.

What is pericarditis?

Inflammation of the pericardium.

What is pericardial effusion?

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space.

What is cardiac tamponade?

Compression of the heart due to excess pericardial fluid.

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Which layer of the heart wall is the visceral pericardium?

Epicardium.

Which layer is responsible for cardiac contraction?

Myocardium.

Which layer lines the inside of the heart chambers?

Endocardium.

What vessels supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?

Coronary arteries.

From what vessel do the coronary arteries arise?

Aorta.

Where do the coronary arteries originate relative to the aortic valve?

Just above the aortic valve.

During what phase are coronary arteries primarily filled?

Ventricular diastole.

What can occur when coronary arteries become blocked?

Myocardial infarction.

What does CAD stand for?

Coronary artery disease.

What causes CAD?

Buildup of plaque in coronary arteries.

CAD may lead to what condition?

Ischemia.