ANS150 Animal Welfare and Disease

five freedoms where invented by who

Brambell report in 1965

five freedoms

1. freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition

2. freedom from discomfort and exposure

3. freedom from pain, injury and disease

4. freedom from fear and distress

5. freedom to express normal behavior

three circles view was created when

2008

three circles view is

- physical (health and functioning)

- mental (affective states)

- natural state (natural behaviors)

who created the 5 domains model

Mellor in 2017

components of the 5 domains model

1. nutrition

2. environment

3. health

4. behavior

5. mental state

what domain do all the other four domains lead to

mental state

factors of the domain of nutrition

• water intake

• food

  • intake

  • quality

factors of the domain of environment

• temperature

• confinement

• shelter

factors of the domain health

• disease

• injury

factors of the domain behavior

• choices

• limitations

factors of the domain mental state

• pain

• thermal comfort

• boredom

• frustration

• happiness

what is affect

• experienced feelings, moods, and emotions

  • valence

  • long and short-lasting

• related to specific events

valence

positive, negative

animal welfare

applied to all animals whose lives are influenced by humans

disease

disorder of structure or function in an animal, especially one that produces symptoms or that affects a specific location.

• includes physical injury

morbidity and mortality are measured to assess what

to assess the population level animal welfare

morbidity

measurement of disease in a population within a given period of time

mortality

the number of deaths in a population over a certain amount of time

measurements of morbidity and mortality are

• incidence

• prevalence

incidence

number of newly diseased animals in a population over a specific period of time

prevalence

number of diseased animals in a population at a given time

• snapshot

prolonged negative affective states leads to

increased animal mortality

case study on shelter cats and upper respirtotry diseases

- entering shelters is stressful for cats

- stray cats are the source of disease

- Upper respiratory disease (URD) is a health issue in shelter cats

• inhibits production of mucosal antibodies

- Surrendered cats are more susceptible

- susceptible to other pathogens

what major antibody is inhibited by URD

secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)

what is secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) main job

key role is to protect the oral cavity, lungs and gut

most common viral pathogens in shelter cats

- feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)

- feline calicivirus (FCV)

percentage of feline herpes virus reported in shelter cats

60-80%

percentage of feline calicivirus reported in shelter cats

40%

ways to control URD

• vaccination

• good biosecurity

• quarintine cats (although costly and needs space)

• improve environment (cage, exercise, human-animal interactions)

what is a positve human-animal interaction for shelter cats

gentling

gentling does what

• increases secretory immunoglobulin A

• reduced shedding of URD

• reduces blood pressure

• improved health and welfare

• faster adoption

• reduced chance of euthanasia

gentling is

gentle petting of a cat

how to perform gentling

• open cage door and pet cat within the enclosure

  • let cat come to you, don't force the cat to be pet

• pet cat for 6-9 mins a day

• pay attention to cats behavior

Cynomolgus monkeys

• primates, indigenous to southern and southeast Asia

  • similar to humans in many ways

• used in biomedical research (drug trials)

• intelligence, complex hierarchical social structures, friendships through grooming

case study on the impact of social bonds on cardiovascular diseases in cynomolgus macaques

• Single-housed monkeys had higher rates of coronary artery disease

• study examining cardiovascular disease in monkeys fed a fatty diet for 2 years to female single and pair-housed cyno monkeys, 4-8 years old

-

coronary artery disease

• affects the arteries that supply the heart with blood

• caused by atherosclerosis

  • which was 4x higher in single-housed

atherosclerosis

• plaque buildup

• from environmental factors and genetics

• arteries narrow

  • blood flow slows

    • reduces oxygen to the heart

• chest pain, precursor to myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Behavior results of case study on the impact of social bonds on cardiovascular diseases in cynomolgus macaques

• depressive-like states

• central nervous system

• immune systems

• cardiovascular systems

= overall reduced longevity

morbity and mortality related to disease are linked to

negative experiences

risk factors for disease are linked to

• environmental

• social

• human-animal interactions

case studies highlight

psychological stressors which cause fear, anxiety, and loneliness/depression

increase risk of infectious and non-infectious diseases

mortality rates can reflect poor welfare

but not all mortality differences reflect

past negative affect

and not all negative affective states cause increased mortality

physiological and psychological stressors usually need to be

prolonged to induce morbidity

and need to be large and prolonged to induce mortality

minor/short exposure to stressors doesn't always

induce mortality and/or morbidity

sometimes harmful effects of stressors are not detected until

later on in life