ABA Exam 4

What is the process of gathering information about the antecedents and consequences that are functionally related to the occurrence of problem behavior?

functional assessment

social reinforcement

the reinforcer is produced by the actions of another person

automatic reinforcement

the reinforcer is produced directly by the environment

example of a social positive

purchasing a candy bar

example of a social negative behavior

asking someone to turn down their music

example of an auto positive reinforcer

eating a candy bar ex

example of an auto negative reinforcer

scratching an itch

Indirect assessment: a type of descriptive assessment

involves asking people who are familiar with the behavior questions about what the behavior looks like, when the behavior occurs, what happens after the behavior occurs

pros of indirect assessment

easy and fast

cons of indirect assessment

doesn't work in isolation

QABF

questionnaire about behavioral function

Direct observation: type of descriptive assessment

involves directly observing the behavior and recording the antecedents and consequences when problem behavior occur

pros of direct observation

you actually observe the behavior, have measurable data

cons of direct observation

data are only correlational

Involved the manipulation of antecedents and consequences in order to demonstrate a functional relationship between those variables and the problem behavior

functional analysis: experimental analysis

pros of functional/experimental analysis

only method that proves a functional relationshipc

cons of functional/experimental analysis

takes more time, can be difficult to learn and impliment

Who developed the functional analysis methodology that is still in place today?

Iwata et al

what was the general idea of Iwata et al

see under which conditions problem behavior is most likely to occur

what is attention an example of

social positive (reinforcement)wh

what is demand or escape and example of

social negative (reinforcement)

what is being alone an example of

automatic positive or negative (reinforcement)

what is play an example of

control condition

what is the premise of an attention condition

testing whether problem behavior is maintained by attention from others (social positive)

what is the hypothesized reinforcer in an attention condition

attention

what is the hypothesized antecedent in an attention condition

no attention (creating an EO)

what is the consequence in an attention condition

attention is provided for a few seconds (deliver the reinforcerP

what is the premise of an escape/demand condition

tests whether problem behavior is maintained by escape from demands (social negative)w

what is the hypothesized reinforcer in an escape/demand condition

escape

what is the hypothesized antecedent in an escape/demand condition

presence of a work task

what is the consequence in an escape/demand condition

task is removed for 30 seconds

what is the premise of an alone condition

tests whether problem behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement (positive or negative)

what is the hypothesized reinforcer in an alone condition

sensory stimulation ?

what is the antecedent in an alone condition

no other reinforcers are available (i.e no one is in the room to provide attention, no demands are placed)

what is the social consequence in an alone condition

nothing-if behavior in this condition we can assume that there is some type of reinforcement that is produced by the behavior, it's just not socially-meditated

what is the premise of the play/control condition

designed to see what happens to the problem behavior under the best possible conditions

what is reason 1for a problem behavior occurring in the play condition

behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement

what is reason 2 for a problem behavior occurring in the play condition

you have identified in the correct EO

what are interventions that rely on knowing the function of behavior so that the relevant antecedents and consequences can be manipulated?

function-based interventions

social positive extinction

do not deliver the reinforcer when problem behavior occurs

social negative extinction

"escape extinction;" do not allow escape when the problem behavior occurs

automatic "sensory" extinction

reduce reinforcement produced by the behavior ex. padding the walls for a child who head bangs

differential/function based reinforcement procedure

reinforcement is provided for desired behaviors but minimized for undesired behaviors; reinforcers can be function matched

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

reinforce the absence of the problem behavior

what is a limitation of DRO

doesn't teach alternative behavior

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

reinforce an alternative behavior; if the person engages in an alternative behavior a reinforcer is delivered (no reinforcement for problem behavior)

functional communication training

specific type of DRA in which the alternative behavior is a functional communication response

DRL (differential reinforcement of low rate responding)

providing a reinforcer if the behavior occurs at a rate at or below the specified rate

DRH (differential reinforcement of high-rate of responding)

provide a reinforcer if the behavior occurs at a rate at or above the specified rate

preference assessments

a way of identifying preference for a variety of stimuli

single-stimulis preference assessment (SSPA)

identifies whether a stimulus is or is not preferred; presenting 1 stimulus at a time to see if the individual interacts with it

Paired Stimulis Preference Assessment (PSPA)

identifies stimuli that are most preferred (produces a hierarchy); present 2 stimuli at a time and record which stimulus the individual chooses

Multiple stimulus without replacement

identifies stimuli that are the most preferred (produced a hierarchy), present all stimuli at the same time, and records the order in which each stimulus is selected

the decrease in strength/likelihood of a behavior by the contingent delivery/removal of a particular stimulus following behavior

punishment

always use differential reinforcement with _____________

punishment procedures

be aware of bias in the use of ______________

punishment procedures

Negative punishment

the removal of reinforcing stimulus that decreases the future probability of behavior

two main ways negative punishment is used

timeout and response cost

response cost

the removal of a specific amount of a reinforcer contingent on problem behavior

Response cost vs. Extinction: Response Cost

response cost is the removal of a positive reinforcer that the person already has access to

response cost vs extinction: extinction

extinction is the withholding of a reinforcer (the person does not have it to begin with)

considerations for when to use response cost

is the loss of a reinforcer ethical, practical and acceptable

response cost considerations

which reinforcer is being removed? is the loss immediate or delayed? how can they earn the reinforcer back?

positive punishment

the addition of an aversive stimulus that decreases the future probability of behavior

aversive activities

the person is required to engage in a specific aversive activity following the undesirable behavior

aversive stimuli

the person is exposed to an aversive stimulus following the undesirable behavior

Silfer et al.

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