IB Sports, Energy, and Health Sciences (SL)

Function of the Endocrine System

Creates and releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions, trigger long term processes.

Oxygenated regions of the heart

Aorta, Pulmonary Vein, Left Atrium, Mitral/Bicuspid Valve, Aortic Valve, Left Ventricle

Deoxygenated Regions of the heart

Rights+ any not oxygenated

Function of the Circulatory System

Body’s transport mechanism, heart pumps blood to deliver oxygen to cells and CO₂ away from cells

Respiratory System

Bring in O₂ and bring out CO₂, deliver to all of the body

Digestive System

Brings nutrients to the body and allows for absorption into bloodstream through small intestine.

Coefficient of Variation

Measures variability, allows for comparison of data spread between different data sets.

Newtons First Law

“Law of Inertia” - An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an equal and opposite force.

Newtons Second Law

F=MA

Newtons Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Hicks Law

Psychological principle stating that the time it takes to make a decision increases logarithmically with the number and complexity of choices.

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Proximal

A body part located nearest to the center/point of origin

Distal

A body part located further away from the center/point of origin

Medial

Located nearer to the center of the body

Lateral

Located further from the center of the body

Types of Bones

Long, Irregular, Sesamoid, Flat, Short

Long Bones

Longer than they are wide, ex. Arms and legs

Irregular

Complex Shapes, ex. pelvis, vertebrae

Sesamoid

Small round bones embedded in tendons, ex. patella

Flat

Thin, flat, often curved, ex. clavicle, parietal (skull bones)

Short

Cube shaped, equal length and width, ex. tarsels, carpels, wrist, ankle

Structure of a Long Bones

Flexion

Decreasing angle ex. moving leg behind you

Extension

Increasing angle, ex. moving knee from bent to straight

Abduction

Moving away from midline

Adduction

Moving towards midline

Types of Joints (6)

Pivot, hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle, gliding

Pivot Joint

Uniaxial, one moving around the other, ex. neck and wrists

Ball and Socket Joints

Multiaxial,able to spin, ex shoulders, hips, ankles

Hinge Joints

Uniaxial, one moves in the other, ex. elbows and knees

Condyloid Joints

Biaxial, one moves on top of the other, ex. fingers

Gliding Joints

Bone on bone sliding, ex metacarpals in fingers

Saddle Joints

Biaxial, ex. Thumbs (That’s it, only thumbs)

Features of synovial joints (4)

Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, synovial membrane

Types of Muscle contractions (4)

Isometric, Isotonic (concentric), Isotonic (eccentric), isokinetic

Isometic Muscle Contraction

No muscle length change, no movement, ex. plank

Isotonic (Concentric) Muscle Contraction

Muscle length change, movement, concentric = shortening, ex. Bicep curl

Isokinetic Muscle Contraction

Muscle length changes, movement at constant speed, ex. walking or running at a constant pace

Isotonic (eccentric) Muscle Contraction

Muscle length changes, movement, eccentric = lengthening, ex. Squat, leg extension

Roles of muscles in movement: Insertion

Where muscle connects to lower bone

Roles of muscles in movement: Antagonist

Pair of muscles that go in opposite directions

Roles of muscles in movement: Origin

Top area where muscle connects to bone

Roles of muscles in movement: Synergist

Assists the primary mover (agonist) in moving muscles

Roles of muscles in movement: Agonist

Primary mover, contracts

Roles of muscles in movement: Fixator

Stabilizes a joint to allow for movement

Mucsle fibers

Muscle - epimysium - fascicle - perimysium - muscle fibers, sarcoplasmic reticulum - sarcomere

Areas of a Sarcomere: Z disc

Boundary, connects sarcomeres to each other

Areas of a Sarcomere: Actin

Primary protein component, contracts

Areas of a Sarcomere: Myosin

primary motor protein, contracts, connects to acting, and pulls together

Areas of a Sarcomere: Tropomyosin

Prevents muscle contraction at rest

Areas of a Sarcomere: I band

areas where acting is not overlapped with myosin

Areas of a Sarcomere: H Zone

Only Myosin with no acting overlap

Areas of a Sarcomere: A Band

Spans entire length of myosin, has both actin and myosin

Areas of a Sarcomere: M Line

Central protein structure that anchors myosin

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

Type I, aerobic, - Pale color, fast fatigue, low blood supply, low capillaries and mitochondira

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

Type 2 (II) (a+b), anaerobic - dark red, slow fatigue, lots of blood, high capillaries and mitochondria

Center of Mass

Point where mass distribution is equal

Specificity of a data set

How narrowly and exactly data/measurement focuses on the exact variable being studied, not broad

Accuracy of a data set

How closely a measured value is to the true or accepted value

Reliability of a data set

How consistent results are when experiment is repeated under the same conditions

Validity of a data set

How well the data and method actually measure what they are supposed to measure

Oestrogen (estrogen)

Female s*x hormone, growth of female organs, reduces cholesterol

Progesterone

Ovaries, regulates menstruation and pregnancy

Testosterone

In both men and women, In males responsible for s*x regulation, muscle growth, and bone development. In women, Ovaries and adrenal glands, muscle development, and high cortisol levels

Epinepherine and norepinephrine

Adrenal medula, fight or flight response, nor - feeling of awareness

Insulin and Glucagon

Pancreas, regulates blood sugar, insulin dec bs, glucagon inc bs.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Pituitary gland, regulates electrolyte balance in blood, by increasing or decreasing water excreation

Proprioceptors (function, role, location)

detect body position, deep in muscles, control balance and coordination

Chemoreceptors (function, role, location)

detect chemicals, distance: olfactory receptors (smell), direct: taste buds (taste), monitors blood chemistry changes

exterorecepters (function, location)

recieve info from enviroment, “5 senses”

Interoceptors (viscerocepters)

detect stimuli from within body, feelings of hunger, thirst, maintains homeostasis

Erythrocyte

Red Blood cells, carry O₂ and CO₂

leukocyte

Buffy Coat - B and T cells, adoptive immune response

Thrombeocytes

Platelets

EKG Diagram

VO₂ Max

The maximum amount of O₂ your body can use in intense exercise

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped with each beat of the heart (ml), CO/HR

Heart Rate

How fast the heart beats, BPM, CO/SV

Cardiac Output

Total volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute, ml/min, HR x SV

Lung Spiriogram

Cardiovascular Drift

During prolonged exercise at a steady level, heart rate will gradually increase, despite intensity staying the same

Catabolism

Breakdown of larger molecules

Anabolsim

Building or larger molecules

Glycogenesis

Building of glucose into glycogen

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Gluconeogenesis

creation of glucose from none carb sources

Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate - makes 2 ATP, independent of oxygen

Anaerobic Pathways

Without oxygen, short hard bursts of energy, 2 ATP

Aerobic Pathway

Needs oxygen, long term, efficient, 34-36 ATP

Motor Learning: Schmidt

Schema Theory: How people organize information in long term memory

Welfords Model

Recall Schema

memory with regard to choices

Intrinsic Risk Factors

Come from the person, lack of focus, unpreparedness

Extrinsic Risk Factors

Come from the environment, actions of another player, weather

Principles of Training: Progression

Gradual increase in workload of exercise

Principles of Training: Overload

An athlete must Overload the system they are working, increase frequency or intensity each weak more than current ability level

Principles of Training: Specificity

Training must match the needs of the sport

Principles of Training: Reversability

Any training can be undone, stopping or reduction in frequency will cause recession in ability