Post War Canada foreign policy

Cold War 1945-1991

conflict between two superpowers Us and the Soviet Union with opposite political values, fight for credibility/position/better representation of the future, proxy war, Olympics/space race, intervention in Korea/Vietnam, didn’t start war because atomic/nuclear weapons

iron curtain

barrier established by ussr, occupied east EU for next 40 years, to spread communism

NATO(north Atlantic treaty org.) / Warsaw pact

NATO: US & Western, democratic, free market allies, marshall plan aided Western Europe economically

Warsaw Pact: USSR, eastern European communists

3 worlds

first nato, second warsaw, tried to compete for third world countries, china civil war until 1949

canada involved

Shared USA & Western EU ideologies, USSR’s closest possible target, fastest route from moscow to washington dc

igor gouzenko

1945, soviet embassy clerk, defected to canada, revealed Soviet spy network in Canada for atomic bomb secrets, intensified cold war

china+bomb

1949, china became communist, soviets stole secret to atomic bomb, H(ydrogen) bomb accessed, us kidnapped nazi scientists(NASA found by nazis, wenher vonbraun)

DEW LINE / MID CANADA LINE / PINETREE LINE

norad, could detect soviet bombs delivered by planes, radar stations: dew line across arctic, mid Canada 55th parallel, pinetree line 49th parallel/border

civil defense from bombs

air raid sirens, drills, bomb shelter, cartoons to normalize/reduce panic, psychological assurance

mccarthyism

Joseph MacCarthy us senator, built career using fear of communism, witch hunts, false arrests and accusations

Louis St.Laurent

pm of canada 1948-1957, refused to arrest communists

ICBM & MAD

InterContinental Ballistic Missiles replaced bombers by late fifties, mutually assured destruction prevented full scale nuclear war, MIRV

United Nations

Security Council, 5 permanent 10 elected, UK/US/France/Russia/china, general assembly main body, secretary general head of UN, quartered in NY, maintain peace/ aid/world health/global trade

korean war

1950-1953, communist north invaded pre west south, US/UN sent forces to liberate, china and soviets helped north, north communist south free, 38th parallel divided Korea

suez crisis

1956, suez connected british isle with commonwealth, us&ussr wanted egypt ally, egypt wanted weapons to attack israel but us refused, ussr agreed to support to block US from oil, US stopped funding for aswan dam, egypt seized canal, britain france israel attacked and retreated, pearson won nobel prize for letting UN take control

john diefenbaker

1957, conservative german, wanted to protect national identity from american influence, pro peace/pre canada/anti-american

avro arrow

delta-winged interceptor aircraft was canada’s greatest aviation achievement, difenbaker thought it was obsolete and killed it 1958, diverted money to beaumaark missile

JFK/Diefenbaker

opinion conflicts, worsened relationship, canada’s policy on nuclear weapons were controversial/confusing

berlin wall

built 1961, imprisoned east berlin, brain drain: highly skilled people left for west berlin and worsened east berlin state

cuban missile crisis

1962, cuban communist revolution with fidel castro leader, invasion of bay of pigs failed, Nikita Khrushchev placed missiles and soldiers in Cuba, diefenbaker refused to support US, blockade Cuba

1963 election

diefenbaker hyprocritical, wanted US protection but not nukes, Pearson allowed nukes and won election

vietnam war

1955-1975, north communist vs south, US sent troops of 600k in 1965 but failed, reputation ruined, anti-war movement in US, Pearson refused involvement and accepted draft dodgers, US leaves and north wins 1975

pierre trudeau’s foreign policy

realistic, focused on international trade relations, less dependent on US, north should help south, recognized china/cuba, US mad and remvoed nukes from Canada

john lennon

bettle, anti-war, married yoko ono, left england due to big taxes for US, assassinated 1980

brian mulroney

trudeau’s policy couldn’t manage debt, mulroney re-established US friendship, removed tariffs, dismantled FIRA, 1944 NAFTA, bought in cheap labourers from mexico, employment in canada changed from manufacture to service, 邓小平 took over and opened up china

conservatives turfed

Mulroney failed to reduce debt, 1993 first female pm Kim Campbell increased debt by 291%, reducing to 2 seats

detente

1964-1979, relaxation after cuban missile crisis, soviet more worried about economy/china, SALT 1&2 (strategic arms limitations talks) regarding weapon control, soviet invaded Afghanistan 1979 and failed, dentente ended, war ended 1989

US ronald reagan

1981 to 1989, believed ussr/communism was evil, technological explosion in military

soviet union Mikial Gorbachev

economy still bad, 1985, youngest leader, glasnost allowed freedom of speech, saved money by withdrawing troops from eastern Europe, Chernobyl nuclear accident 1986

fall of berlin wall

wallls between hunagry/austria opened up, travelled to hungary to escape, wall fell november 1989, symbolized freedom/fall of ussr/reunion, gorbachev got loan from west germany by allowing re-unification

fall of ussr- end of cold war

soviets wanted freedom, boris yeltsin most powerful pm of russia, right wing, led rebellion but failed and left ussr, soviet union disbanded jan 1 1992, power vacuum

1990s regional conflicts

yugoslavia serbians/croatians, 1980 iran/iraq, gulf war iraq invaded kuwait, UN liberated with operation desert storm, somalia civil war canadian soldiers killed civilians, black hawk down american helicopter shot/crashed, rwandan genocide 1994: civil war, hutu killed tutsi, UN neglected and refused to support

globalization

Canada joined A.P.E.C.: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Group, WTO: World Trade Organization, G20 ( 20 richest economies)

globalization pros

coordinates/maintains economy, set global standards for working conditions and healthcare

globalization cons

human rights/democracy ignored, business done with dictators, jobs loss to cheap labour, no pollution control

terrorism

anti-globalization, resist western culture, Taliban/Al Qaeda/ISIS, Al Qaeda: Osama bin laden, organized 911 attack 2001, 2 planes on twin towers, 1 plane pentagon, 1 plane route to white house, ISIS tried to overthrow middle-east

rise of china

毛泽东 died sept 9 1976, 邓小平 opened to world, created special eocnomic zones, provided unlimited cheap labour, 1989 pro-democraacy protestors killed in tiananmen square massacre