The where and what of immunology (Mary Canavan lecture 1)

all mucosal sites are equipped with … … immune systems that recognise and respond to microbes …

site specific, locally

… cells of the … form a protective barrier lining mucosal sites, and they prevent access to … and display potent … mechanisms

epithelial, epithelium, pathogens, defense

the epithelium expresses receptors called … … …

pattern recognition receptors

two types of defence mechanisms displayed by the epithelial cells of the epithelium at mucosal sites?

antiviral and antibacterial

epithelial cells of the GI tract act as microbial … by secreting … … proteins called …

sensors, immunological messenger, cytokines

cytokines act as … signals for other … cells, alerting and recruiting them to the site of … and inducing their …

communication, immune, infection, activation

the liver is vulnerable to … because is receives a supply from the … tract so will encounter microbes from there

infection, GI

the liver is responsible for … … … and … …

acute phase response and systemic inflammation

acute phase response is a rapid, … and … immune reaction to …, … or … (the 3 I’s) caused by …

systemic, innate, injury, infection, inflammation, cytokines

while acute phase response is triggered … it causes widespread … changes, such as … and an increased number of …

locally, physiological, fever, leukocytes

systemic inflammation is a widespread immune response to … and … where … cells circulate around the body

injury, infection, inflammatory

sites vulnerable to infection

nasopharyngeal tract, lungs, liver, skin, GI tract and genitourinary tract

what do MALT and GALT stand for?

mucosa and gut associated lymphoid tissue

immune cells are found near the vulnerable sites at … … which are small, densely packed clusters of … found in … … organs

lymphoid follicles, lymphocytes, secondary lymphoid

functions of the spleen (which is a secondary lymphoid organ)

1. … blood

2. contains immune cells which respond to … … antigens

3. removes damaged …

4. produces …

5. serves as a reserve for …

1. filters blood

2. blood borne

3. removes damaged RBCs

4. produces WBCs

5. blood

Peyer’s patches are … … located in the … of the small intestine and act as immune … of the … … … tissue

lymphoid follicles, mucosa, sensors, gut associated lymphoid

where in the fetus are immune cells initially produced?

liver

hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to the … … … which can go on to form either …, … or … cells of the lymphoid lineage

common lymphoid progenitor, B, T or NK

hematopoietic stem cell → … … … → … … or … …

common lymphoid progenitor → B cell precursor or T cell precursor

B cell precursors develop in the … …

T cell precursors migrate to the … for further development

bone marrow

thymus

the lymphatic system is a system of vessels which collect … fluid from tissues and return it to the …

interstitial, blood

… fluid that the lymph nodes collect is the fluid which comes from highly permeable …

interstitial, capillaries

in the innate immune system … and … cells express … … receptors which allow them to recognise and respond to … molecular … on pathogens

epithelial, immune, pattern recognition, conserved, structures

3 professional phagocytes

macrophages, granulocytes and dendritic cells

name the macrophages present at the following location

1. lungs

2. liver

3. skin

4. lymph nodes

5. joints

6. brain

7. spleen

8. gut

9. reproductive tract

1. alveolar macrophages

2. kupffer cells

3. langerhan cells

4. lymph macrophages

5. synovial A cells

6. glial cells

7. spleen macrophages

8. intestinal macrophages

9. reproductive tract macrophages

NK cells are especially important in killing … … and … cells

virally infected and tumour

epithelial and immune cells of the innate immune system release which molecules?

cytokines and chemokines

2 key features of the adaptive immune system?

specificity and memory

Our adaptive immune system can … certain … to create entirely new specific … to identify and fight a new infection

rearrange, genes, receptors

red bone marrow contains … stem cells that can produce …, … and …

hematopoietic, platelets, RBCs and WBCs

yellow bone marrow is made of … stem cells that produce …, … and …

mesenchymal, cartilage, bone and fat

monocytes circulate in the … before migrating to various … throughout the body to differentiate into …

bloodstream, tissues, macrophages

a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell produces which two progenitor cells?

common myeloid and lymphoid progenitors

… … and … are needed to determine which cell type will develop from hematopoietic stem cells

growth factors and cytokines

another name for the reticuloendothelial system

mononuclear phagocyte system

the … system is a vital body-wide network of phagocytic cells, primarily macrophages and monocytes

reticuloendothelial

cytokines function in macrophage response

1. encourage … … to produce more … cells

2. drive the … … … in the liver

3. recruit and activate other … cells such as …

1. bone marrow, immune

2. acute phase response

3. myeloid, granulocytes

4 cytokines produced by macrophages

IL6, IL8, TNF alpha and INF gamma

what molecules do NK and T cells secrete?

cytokines

what molecules do B cells (plasma cells) produce?

antibodies

NK cells recognise altered self as a result of altered … of … …

expression, surface markers

role of circulatio in immunity

1. brings both … and … cells to the site of …

2. brings … to sites of … cells

3. brings immune cells from sites of … to sites of …

1. myeloid, lymphoid, infection

2. antigens, immune

3. development, function

The thymus is divided into two … on either side of the midline of the body and into smaller subdivisions called …

The thymus tissue is divided into an outer zone called … and an inner zone called …

lobes, lobules

cortex, medulla

The cortex of the thymus contains a high level of … and is the site of …

T cells which are produced in the … migrate to the … where they enter the … through … veins

lymphocytes, proliferation

cortex, medulla, bloodstream, medullary

3 main anatomical parts of lymph nodes

cortex, paracortex and central medulla

The cortex of lymph nodes contains … cells and … …

The paracortex is mainly populated by … cells and … cells

B cells and lymphoid follicles

T cells and dendritic cells

Red pulp of spleen functions to … blood and remove damaged …

White pulp is a highly organised … regions where an … … response can be initiated

filter, RBCs

lymphoid, adaptive immune

The … … in the spleen is the region between white and red pulp and it is specialised for detecting … … antigens

It contains which 3 types of immune cells?

marginal zone, blood borne

B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

the white pulp in the spleen is composed of separate areas for … and … cells and it is surrounded by the … …

B, T, marginal zone

entry of leukocytes to the white pulp in the spleen requires … of specific …

activation, receptors

Extravasation

1. presence of … cues increases expression of … … on endothelial cells

2. these … … interact with … … on immune cells to slow down rapidly moving cells and allows them to bind with the …

3. contact of … with … … on the immune cells leads to the production of …

4. the immune cell … bind to … … on endothelial cells allowing immune cells to be fully … on the endothelial surface

5. immune cells then begin to crawl to endothelial … in preparation for … into tissues

6. the process of immune cells squeezing into the tissues via endothelial … is termed …

1. inflammatory, p selectin receptors

2. p selectin receptors, selectin ligands, endothelium

3. chemokines, chemokine receptors, integrins

4. integrins, integrin ligands, arrested

5. borders, extravasation

6. borders, diapedesis

… and other mediators of … inflammation stimulate the … of p-selectin to the … surface of endothelial cells

histamine, acute, translocation, luminal