geography. final. :D

How did mountains and islands affect ancient Greece?

Mountains and islands separated people into small independent city-states.

What major political idea began in Greece?

democracy

What subjects did the Greeks greatly influence?

Philosophy, astronomy, math, science, literature, art, architecture, politics.

Why were Greek ideas important during the Renaissance?

Renaissance thinkers were inspired by classical Greek achievements.

What language group developed from Latin?

romance languages

Roman contributions to Europe.

Architecture, engineering, law, literature, philosophy, government, Christianity.

What type of government did Rome help spread?

r*publican

What was the purpose of the Crusades?

Christians attempted to retake the Holy Land from Muslims.

What city did Christians capture during the First Crusade?

jerusalem

why did muslims in the jerusalem area wage jihad

to regain control over the region

Who started the Protestant Reformation?

martin luther

What did Luther challenge?

the authority and practices of the catholic church

Why is Europe religiously diverse today?

The Protestant Reformation split Christianity into many branches.

why was the reformation significant

it set in place the structures and beliefs which would define europe in the modern era

nationalism

a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual  identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation

how can nationalism have a positive influence

• Nationalism can unite people into cohesive, stable

nations

why is nationalism significant

it has shaped the histories and destinies of many countries

How can nationalism lead to conflict?

Extreme pride and loyalty to one’s nation can cause revolutions, wars, ethnic tension, and conflicts between groups or countries.

what are some centrifugal effects of nationalism

, it can tear nations apart which can result in long  periods of social upheaval and political chaos.

why was the assassination of franz ferdinand significant

it was one of the causes of WW1

how did nationalism lead to WWI

fueling imperial rivalries, aggressive military buildups, and revolutionary movements within multi-ethnic empires

Balkanization

process of

fragmentation or division of a region or state

into smaller regions or states

what is often the result of balkanization

the new fragmented nations are often hostile, or non-cooperative with another.

what is the ethnic geography of balkanized territories?

ethnically similar

what is devolution

•  process whereby regions within

a state demand and gain political strength

and growing autonomy at the expense of the

central government

Multi-Nationalism

•  -- contains two ethnic

groups with traditions of self-determination

that agree to coexist peacefully by

recognizing each other as distinct  nationalities

• United Kingdom

• Former Yugoslavia

in europe, what happened in 1992?

the government of Bosnia-Herzegovina declared independence from yugoslavia

for years after bosnia demanded independence, what happened?

Bosnian Serb forces targeted Bosniak Muslims and Croatians in a campaign of ethnic cleansing that killed about 100,000 people by 1995.

How did nationalism contribute to the Bosnian genocide?

Extreme ethnic nationalism caused groups to violently try to remove other ethnic groups and create ethnically pure territories.

I.R.A

militant organization of Irish  nationalists who used terrorism  and guerilla warfare

what was the goal of the IRA

• to drive British forces from  Northern Ireland and achieve a  united independent Ireland

EU Why did the UK leave the EU?

Concerns about sovereignty

Why is Europe called the “Continent of Peninsulas”?

Because many peninsulas extend into surrounding seas

how does the EU operate

• through a system of  worldwide institutions and  intergovernmental-negotiated decisions  by the member states

Any European country can join the EU  provided:

it meets certain economic and  political conditions

How has the physical geography of the Northern European Plain contributed to the region's cultural diversity?

By facilitating early settlement, trade, and communication

Polder

a piece of low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and protected by dikes

sirocco winds-

a hot, south to southeast wind that originates over the Sahara desert and travels towards the Mediterranean Sea

mistral winds-

a strong, cold, dry northerly wind that blows from Southern France, particularly in the Rhône Valley, into the Gulf of Lion in the northern Mediterranean Sea

(A)why was greeks fragmentation significant. (B)what did it lead to?

(A) it prevented Greece from  becoming a single unified nation  that could rival the strength of the  Middle Eastern monarchies (B) it led  to the evolution of the city-state

Karma in hinduism and buddhism. how is it viewed

the sum of a  person's actions in this and previous states of  existence, viewed as deciding their fate in  future existences.

Dharma

Hinduism it means 'duty', 'virtue', 'morality',  even 'religion' and it refers to the power which  upholds the universe and society

what did gandhi do

 led India to independence from the  British

what is civil disobedience

the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

What is the green revolution?

a period of major advancements in agricultural practices, particularly in developing countries, aimed at increasing food production

What are monsoons?  How do they impact South Asia?

seasonal shifts in wind patterns that cause distinct wet and dry seasons

why do countries outsource to india?

due to its cost-effective workforce, large talent pool, and well-developed infrastructure

when did the green revolution start

1953

what did the green revolution lead to

increase in food production

What was a major consequence of the Partition of India?

Mass migration of about 10 million people and large-scale violence

Why is Kashmir a region of conflict today?

It is disputed by India, Pakistan, and China

What trend is happening in South Asia today?

Rapid urbanization, especially in India, but many people still live in rural areas

What is a major challenge of India’s population growth?

Strained infrastructure like water, housing, food, electricity, and healthcare

What major environmental issue affects the Ganges River?

It is heavily polluted despite being highly important

Why is the Ganges River important?

It is sacred in Hinduism and supports hundreds of millions of people

Where did early South Asian civilization begin?

Along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan

What is the Indus River valley and why is it important?

being a cradle of civilization, demonstrating advanced urban planning, and leaving behind a rich archaeological legacy.

What physical features define India?

Mountains, fertile plains, deserts, and plateaus

What is a major issue in Pakistan related to geography? What does it lead to?

Water shortages= conflict over river resources

Why is Bangladesh vulnerable?

It is a low-lying river delta prone to flooding and storms

What defines Nepal’s geography?

Landlocked and dominated by the Himalayan Mountains

What is unique about Bhutan’s environmental policy?

It prioritizes environmental preservation, including limits on logging

What internal conflict has Sri Lanka experienced?

Tension between Sinhalese Buddhists and Tamil groups (Tamil Tigers)

What major environmental threat does the Maldives face? Why?

Rising sea levels due to climate change

Why are India and Pakistan fighting over Kashmir?  Why does India believe they are right to claim it?

India asserts its claim based on the maharaja's accession to India and the territory's strategic importance

when did the partition of india begin

1947

Partition of India (1947) Why was India partitioned into two countries?

It was done to separate Hindu-majority and Muslim-majority populations due to political and religious conflict between leaders (elites), which led to independence from Britain.

Who is considered an Arab?

person whose native language is Arabic

What is a common religious belief about control of life events in Arab-Islamic culture?

Many believe life events are determined by God’s will (fate)

Who is the central prophet of Islam?

rophet Muhammad (began teachings in 622 CE)

hat is the main difference between Sunni and Shia Islam?

Disagreement over who should lead Islam after Muhammad’s death

What is the core cause of the Arab-Israeli conflict?

Competing claims to the same land based on history and religion

What is Zionism?

A movement to create and support a Jewish homeland in Palestine/Israel

What is the Jewish Diaspora?

The forced spread of Jews out of Israel after Roman rule (70 CE)

hat was the PLO?

Organization formed to represent Palestinians and fight for self-determination

Yasser Arafat Who was Yasser Arafat?

A leader of the PLO and Palestinian nationalist movement

What is an Intifada?

A Palestinian uprising against Israeli control

Why do Intifadas occur?

Because Palestinians resist Israeli occupation and control over disputed land

What is a nation?

A group of people sharing culture, language, and identity

Why is the Middle East important to the U.S.?

Strategic location, oil resources, support for allies like Israel, and security concerns

Who were the Mujahideen?

Groups of Islamic fighters resisting Soviet forces in Afghanistan

What did the Taliban enforce when in power?

Strict Islamic law (Sharia) including restrictions on women and bans on media

Why did the Taliban restrict education and media?

They believed strict religious interpretation required controlling cultural influence

Hamas

A Palestinian Sunni Islamist group that controls Gaza and is considered a terrorist organization by the U.S. and many other countries.

How is nationalism shown in SWANA?

the promotion of national identities, the use of nationalist rhetoric, and the expression of national pride

Why is there conflict between Palestinians and Israelis

Both groups claim the same land and want self-determination in the region historically known as Palestine.

Why are Palestinians considered a stateless nation?

They share a common culture and identity but do not have full sovereign control over an independent state of their own.

Subsistence Farming What is the main goal of subsistence farming in Africa?

Self-sufficiency rather than making profit.

What is subsistence farming in Africa?

Farming focused on growing enough food to feed the farmer and their family.

What is commercial farming in Africa?

The production of crops or livestock mainly for sale and profit.

What usually makes commercial farming in Africa different from subsistence farming?

It often uses modern technology and large-scale production.

Why are subsistence farmers in Africa more vulnerable to problems?

because africa is prone to drought, which can create difficult farming, and they dont rly make money

Why can commercial farming help economic growth in African countries?

Because crops and livestock are sold for profit and trade, bringing income into the economy.

what is the sahel?

transition zone: where the Sahara Desert transitions into the  tropical climates of Central Africa’s equatorial region.

why was africa known as the dark continent for awhile

• the fact that it  remained a mystery to Europeans for so long.

What happened in Africa during the Berlin Conference

European powers divided Africa into colonies without considering African ethnic or cultural boundaries.

Why was the Berlin Conference important for Africa?

It marked the formal “scramble for Africa,” where European countries claimed large parts of the continent.

Why wasn’t most of Africa immediately exploited after being divided?

Because large parts of the continent were still unexplored and not well understood by Europeans.

What eventually allowed Europeans to exploit Africa’s resources more effectively?

New technology, transportation, and competition between European powers made large-scale extraction possible.

How did European colonization impact African political boundaries

It created artificial borders that often split or combined ethnic groups, leading to long-term conflict.