DNA, RNA, Genes, Chromosomes, Transcription and Translation

What is the “hard drive” of the cell that contains the information needed to run the cell or direct its activities?

• Also contains information about characteristics about living things

DNA

What is the structure of DNA?

A very long thread with two strings or strands twisted around each other

• a double helix

What are the building blocks that make up DNA?

Nucleotides

What are the four nitrogen bases?

• Adenine

• Thymine

• Cytosine

• Guanine

What is a nucleotide made of?

• Nitrogen Bases

• Pentose Sugar

• Phosphate group

What does adenine pair up with?

• Thymine in DNA

• Uracil in RNA

What does cytosine pair up with?

Guanine

What are the purines?

• Adenine

• Guanine

What are the pyrimidines?

• Thymine

• Cytosine

• Uracil

How do purine and pyrimidines pair?

Hydrogen bonds

How do the phosphate group and pentose sugars bond?

Strong covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds

DNA is not just one long strand, it is divided into smaller pieces called?

Chromosomes

• like books in a series

What is the word that defines all of the DNA in a cell of living thing?

Genome

Another way that cells organize the DNA they have is by wrapping it around tiny circular proteins called?

Histones

How many chromosomes do bacteria have in their cells?

One

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a normal human cell?

23

• 46 chromosomes in total

What are the functions of DNA?

• Codes for inherited traits or characteristics

• Provides instructions for how and when to make protein

DNA is responsible for directing?

Protein Synthesis

What is a gene?

A section of DNA that is the instruction for making one specific protein

When a cell uses a gene to make a protein, we say that?

The cell is expressing that gene

What is genetic regulation?

Turning genes on and off

When a gene is turned on, that means?

It is used to make a protein and is being expressed

From largest to smallest its?

• Genome

• DNA

• Chromosome

• Gene

• Nucleotide

A chromosome contains many?

Genes

A gene contains many?

Nucleotides

A chromosome contains many?

Nucleotides

The genome contains many?

Genes

What best describes DNA?

• it is the hereditary material

• It is the genetic information

• It directs the synthesis of protein

• It codes for physical traits of an organism

• It is one of the components of chromosomes

What is the organelles thats dedicated to makeing proteins?

Ribosomes

How do instructions from the DNA, get to the ribosomes?

If a cell needs to make a protein, the cell makes a copy of just that one Gene and that copy can leave the nucleus and go attach to a ribosome

When the cell makes a copy of a gene, it creates a short strand of something called?

RNA

Structure of RNA?

A short, single-stranded nucleic acid made of building blocks called nucleotides.

When the cell takes a DNA Gene and makes an RNA copy of it, it is called?

Transcription

When transcription occurs, what happens after?

The RNA goes out into the cytoplasm and attache to a ribosome

• the ribosome then uses the information on RNA to make a protein

When a ribosome take the RNA and uses the instructions to assemble a protein, it is called?

Translation