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Federalist Papers (Overall)

Support ratification of the Constitution; argue a strong but limited national government is needed to maintain order and protect liberty

Brutus Papers (Overall)

Oppose ratification; argue the Constitution creates a government too powerful that threatens states and individual freedoms

Federalist No. 10

Factions are inevitable due to human nature; a large republic controls them by increasing diversity and preventing majority tyranny

Brutus No. 1 (Factions & Size)

Large republic cannot represent all people; leaders become distant and factions will lead to tyranny

Federalist No. 51

Separation of powers and checks and balances prevent tyranny; ambition counteracts ambition

Brutus No. 1 (Power of Government)

Necessary and Proper Clause and Supremacy Clause give too much power to national government over states

Federalist No. 70

Single strong executive ensures energy, quick decisions, and accountability

Brutus (Executive Argument)

Strong executive may gain too much power and become similar to a monarch

Federalist No. 78

Judiciary is least dangerous branch; supports judicial review to interpret laws and Constitution

Brutus (Judiciary Argument)

Judiciary will become too powerful, expand authority, and override state laws without checks

Federalist View on Republic

Large republic is best because many competing factions prevent tyranny and protect minority rights

Brutus View on Republic

Small republic is best because representatives stay close to people and remain accountable

Federalist View on Federalism

Strong national government needed for unity, defense, and stability; states still have roles

Brutus View on Federalism

States should remain powerful; national government will gradually take over state authority

Federalist View on Liberty

Liberty is protected by controlling factions and balancing power across branches

Brutus View on Liberty

Liberty is protected by small, local governments directly accountable to the people

Federalists vs Brutus (Overall Difference)

Federalists favor strong national government and large republic; Brutus favors small republic and strong state/local control

Federalists vs Brutus (Factions)

Federalists say large republic controls factions; Brutus says large republic worsens faction problems

Federalists vs Brutus (Executive Power)

Federalists support strong single president; Brutus fears executive becoming too powerful

Federalists vs Brutus (Judiciary)

Federalists say courts are weakest branch; Brutus says courts will become most powerful

Federalists vs Brutus (States vs National)

Federalists support stronger national government; Brutus supports stronger state governments