Physio Exam 4

internal and external respiration

Two types of gas exchange

internal respiration

The use of oxygen within the mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. CO2 is a byproduct

external respiration

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and body tissues, which involves both the respiratory and circulatory systems

pulmonary ventilation

The movement of air into the lungs and out of the lungs by bulk flow

four main processes of external respiration

Pulmonary ventilation, diffusion between lungs and blood, transport between lungs and body tissues by blood, and exchange between blood and tissues by diffusion

additional functions of the respiratory system

Includes regulating pH, vocalization, and protecting against pathogens

thoracic

The lungs are located in the ____ cavity

upper airways

Air passages in the head and neck

nasal or oral

Air can enter through either of these two cavities

pharynx

A muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for both air and food

larynx

The first structure in the respiratory tract is the

respiratory tract

Includes all air passageways leading from the pharynx to the lungs

conducting and respiratory

Two zones of the respiratory tract

conducting zone

The upper part of the respiratory tract, functions in conducting air from the larynx to the lungs

respiratory zone

The lowermost part of the respiratory tract, containing the sites of gas exchange within the lungs

c-shaped

Cartilage in the trachea is this shape

rings

The cartilage of the primary bronchi is in this shape

plates

The cartilage of secondary/tertiary bronchi and smaller bronchi are this shape

bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

These two pulmonary structures do not have any cartilage

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

These two structures make up the respiratory zone

cartilage

The larynx is held open by a dense connective tissue called

glottis

The opening to the larynx

epiglottis

The glottis is covered by a flap of tissue called the ___ which prevents food from entering the respiratory tract

vocal cords

The larynx houses the

esophagus, trachea

During swallowing, the ___ collapses and the ___ stays open

trachea

A cartilaginous tube of the respiratory tract, located between the larynx and bronchi

bronchi

Branched tubes of the respiratory tract, located between the trachea and the bronchioles of the lungs

secondary bronchi

Branches off the bronchi leading to the lungs

bronchioles

Once tubules become less than 1 mm in diameter, they are referred to as

terminal bronchioles

Bronchioles that lead directly to the airway of the respiratory tract. The last component of the conducting zone

conducting zone

The primary function of the ___ is to provide a passageway through which air can enter and exit the respiratory zone

goblet cells

Epithelial cells in the respiratory and GI tracts that secrete mucus

mucus

A viscous fluid that coats airways and traps foreign particles in inhaled air

cilia

Part of the ciliated cells. Beat in a whiplike fashion to propel mucus containing trapped particles

mucus escalator

Prevents mucus from accumulating in the airways and clears foreign matter from this area

macrophages

Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter in the interstitial space and on the surface of the epithelium

respiratory bronchioles

The first respiratory zone structures that terminate in alveolar ducts, which lead to alveoli

alveoli

Terminal sacs of the respiratory tract where most gas exchange occurs. Usually grouped in clusters

alveolar sacs

Most alveoli are organized into groups called

alveolar pores

Adjacent alveoli are connected via

type I alveolar cells

Epithelial cells lining alveoli

respiratory membrane

The structure across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs. Separates air from blood

alveolar macrophages

Engulf foreign particles and pathogens inhaled into the lungs

chest wall

Composed of structures that protect the lungs, located in the thoracic cavity

rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and associated muscles/tissue

Parts of the chest wall (5)

internal intercostals

Muscles of respiration that are located between the ribs

external intercostals

inspiratory muscles of the chest wall, located between the ribs

diaphragm

Primary inspiratory muscle for respiration. The muscular partition that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities

pleura

The membrane that lines the chest wall and lung, forming a sac around each lung

pleural sac

Membrane surrounding each lung

intrapleural space

A fluid-filled compartment between the lungs and chest wall, bounded by the visceral and parietal pleura

functional residual capacity (FRC)

The volume of air in the lungs between breaths

atmospheric pressure

The pressure of the outside air, usually 760 mmHg at sea level

intra-alveolar pressureq

The pressure of air within the alveoli

expiration

When intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, ___ occurs

intrapleural pressure

Pressure inside the pleural space

intrapleural fluid

The intrapleural space contains ____, not air

intrapleural

This pressure is always negative during normal breathing, and always less than intra-alveolar pressure

transpulmonary pressure

The difference between intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures

Boyle’s law

For any quantity of gas in an airtight container, the pressure is inversely related to the volume of the container (ie as the volume of the container increases, pressure decreases)

passive

Expiration is a ___ process during quiet breathing

active expiration

A more forceful expiration where expiratory muscles actually contract

flattens, downward

During inspiration, the diaphragm ____ and moves ___

high

Lungs have relatively ___ compliance

pulmonary sulfactant

A detergent-like substance that decreases the surface tension in alveoli. Secreted by type II alveolar cells

constrict

When carbon dioxide levels are low, bronchioles ___

obstructive pulmonary diseases

A type of pulmonary disease that increases airway resistance

spirometry

A technique for measuring air flow rates so as to gain information about pulmonary function

tidal volume

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs in a single unforced breath (usually around 500 ml)

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end of normal inspiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

The maximum volume of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration

residual volume (RV)

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration

inspiratory capacity (IC)

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of resting expiration

vital capacity (VC)

The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration

total lung capacity

The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximum inspiration

forced vital capacity

The max amount of air a person can forcefully expire after a maximum inspiration

forced expiratory volume test

A measure of the percentage of the forced vital capacity that can be exhaled within a certain time frame

restrictive pulmonary disease

Conditions where the lungs cannot expand normally caused by decreased lung compliance

minute ventilation

The total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory system in one minute

respiration rate

The number of breaths a person does per minute

anatomical dead space

The combined volume of nonexchanging airways

alveolar ventilation

A measure of fresh air reaching the alveoli each minute

respiratory quotient

The ratio of the amount of caron dioxide produced by the body to the amount of oxygen consumed by the body (usually 0.8)

partial pressure

The proportion of the pressure of an entire gas mixture that is due to the presence of an individual gas

partial pressure gradient

In a mixture of gases a particular gas will diffuse down its

mixed venous blood

Blood in the pulmonary artery that includes a mixture of blood returning from all the systemic veins to the right atrium

hyperpnea

An increase in alveolar ventilation to match increased metabolic demands

hypoventilation

A decrease in alveolar ventilation such that metabolic demands of the tissue are not met

hyperventilation

An increase in alveolar ventilation such that the metabolic demands of the tissues are exceeded

dyspnea

Labored or difficult breathing

apnea

temporary cessation of breathing

hypoxia

A deficiency of the oxygen in the tissues

hypoxemia

A deficiency of oxygen in the blood

hypercapnia

An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

hypocapnia

a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

40 (mmhg)

PO2 of mixed venous blood for a person at rest

46 (mmhg)

PCO2 of mixed venous blood for a person at rest

hemoglobin

The main protein inside red blood cells that is crucial for transporting oxygen in the blood

anemia

A decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood