bio fina

Do all individuals within a species have the same genetic makeup?

No (False).

What is the correct hierarchy of multicellular life?

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

What do scientists analyze to determine evolutionary relationships?

Physical traits, behavior, and genetic information.

What is transcription?

Copying DNA into mRNA.

What is translation?

Ribosomes use mRNA to build proteins.

What is mitosis?

Cell division that produces identical body cells.

What is meiosis?

Cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosomes.

What does heterozygous mean?

Having two different alleles for a gene.

What is the order of protein synthesis?

Transcription → Translation.

What are analogous structures?

Similar functions but different evolutionary origins.

What are homologous structures?

Similar structures due to common ancestry.

What causes genetic variation?

Mutations, sexual reproduction, and gene flow.

What is the main mechanism of evolution?

Natural selection.

Which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce?

Those with advantageous traits.

What is evolutionary fitness?

An organism's ability to survive and reproduce.

Why is the sickle-cell allele common in malaria regions?

Heterozygous individuals have malaria resistance.

What is artificial selection?

Humans selecting traits in plants and animals.

What is an adaptation?

A trait that improves survival and reproduction.

What is the difference between tissue and organ system?

Tissues are groups of similar cells; organ systems are groups of organs.

What is a sister chromatid?

One half of a duplicated chromosome.

What is allele frequency?

How common an allele is in a population.

What is phenotype?

Observable traits.

What is genotype?

The allele combination an organism has.

What is convergent evolution?

Unrelated species evolving similar traits.

What is divergent evolution?

Related species evolving different traits.

What happens in metaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

What is required for natural selection?

Heritable genetic variation.

What are limiting factors?

Factors that restrict population growth (food, water, disease, predators).

During which phase is DNA replicated?

S phase.

What is the typical phenotype ratio from Aa × Aa?

3:1.

What evidence supports common ancestry?

Homologous structures, DNA similarities, and fossils.

What ecological interaction is competition?

Organisms competing for the same resources.

What is a silent mutation?

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence.

If a cell has 24 chromosomes before mitosis, how many will each daughter cell have?

24.

What do non-coding regions of DNA do?

Regulate gene expression.

What is a frameshift mutation?

An insertion or deletion that changes the reading frame.

What generates genetic variation in sexual reproduction?

Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization.

What is carrying capacity?

The largest population an environment can support.

What is a nonsense mutation?

A mutation that creates a stop codon.

What is a trophic cascade?

Changes in a food web caused by adding or removing predators.

How many gametes are produced by meiosis?

Four genetically different haploid cells.

What is a totipotent stem cell?

A cell that can become any cell type, including placental tissue.

What is differentiation?

The process by which stem cells become specialized cells.

What are inherited traits?

Traits passed through genes, such as eye color and height.

What happens during crossing over?

Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA segments in Meiosis I.