Child Psychology - Chapter 6
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24 Terms
The first psychosocial crisis in Erikson’s theory in which infants must develop a basic sense of trust of the world as a safe place where their basic needs will be met.
In Erikson’s theory, the psychosocial crisis of toddlerhood in which individuals must establish the sense that they can make choices and guide their actions and bodies.
Emotions that are universal in humans, appear early in life, and are thought to have a long evolutional history; includes happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.
A smile that emerges between 6 and 10 weeks in response to seeing familiar people.
Emotion that requires cognitive development and an awareness of self, such as empathy, embarrassment, shame, and guilt typically developing after 18 months.
The ability to adjust and control our emotional state to influence how and when emotions are expressed.
Seeking information from caregivers about how to interpret unfamiliar or ambiguous events by observing their emotional expressions and reactions.
Unstated cultural guidelines for acceptable emotions and emotional expression that are communicated to children via parents’ emotional behavior, expressions, and socialization.
An infant’s expression of fear of unfamiliar people; also known as stranger anxiety, typically seen around 6-8 months.
Characteristic differences among individuals in emotional reactivity, self-regulation, and activity that influence reactions to the environment and are stable and appear early in life.
A temperament characterized by regularity in biological rhythms, the tendency to adapt easily to new experiences, and a general cheerfulness
A temperament characterized by irregularity in biological rhythms, slow adaptation to change, and a tendency for intense negative reactions.
A temperament characterized by mild irregularity in biological rhythms, slow adaptation to change, and mildly negative mood.
The compatibility between a child’s temperament and his or her environment, especially the parent’s temperament and childrearing methods; the greater the degree of match, the more favorable the child’s adjustment.
A lasting emotional tie between two individuals.
Occurs when infants respond to the departure of an attachment figure with distress and crying; also known as separation protest.
A set of expectations about one’s worthiness of love and the availability of attachment figures during times of distress.
A structured laboratory procedure that measures the security of attachment by observing infants’ reactions to being separated from the caregiver in an unfamiliar environment by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment styles in infants.
The attachment pattern in which an infant uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore, seeks contact during reunions, and is easily comforted by the caregiver.
An attachment pattern in which an infant avoids connecting with a caregiver, showing no distress when separated from the caregiver, such as during the Strange Situation, and does not seem to care about the caregiver’s return.
An attachment pattern in which an infant shows anxiety and uncertainty, showing great distress at separation from the caregiver during the Strange Situation, and simultaneously seeks and avoids contact upon the caregiver’s return.
An attachment in which an infant shows inconsistent, contradictory behavior in the Strange Situation, suggesting a conflict between approaching and fleeing the caregiver and perhaps fear.
The ability to identify the self, typically measured as mirror recognition
A classification of the self based on broad ways in which people differ, such as sex, age, and physical characteristics, which children use to guide their behavior