Science 9 June Exam, Tran

Electron

A small negatively charged particle outside the nucleus of an atom.

Static electricity

Electric charge builds up on the surface of one material, common with insulators.

Electric discharge

A process through which electric charges are transferred very quickly.

Induction

Charging without contact; a temporary replacement of electrons in a neutral material by a charged object.

Conduction

Charging through contact where electrons move to another material.

Friction

The charge resulting from two insulators rubbing against each other.

Conductor

A material that allows the flow of electrons, typically metals.

Insulator

A material that does not allow the flow of electrons, retaining static charge.

Coulomb

The unit of electric charge; equivalent to approximately 6.25 x $10^{18}$ electrons.

Ampere

The unit of measurement for electric current.

Current

The amount of electrons passing through a certain point each second.

Volts

The unit of measurement for electric potential difference or voltage.

Voltage

The electric potential difference between two points.

Battery

A device that converts chemical energy into electrical potential energy.

Conducting wire

A wire that carries current around a circuit.

Switch

A device that interrupts the flow of current in a circuit.

Load

A component that converts electrical energy into other forms of energy.

Ammeter

An instrument that measures the current passing through a circuit.

Resistance

The tendency of a device or substance to resist the flow of current.

Electric potential difference

A comparison of energy per unit charge between two points in a circuit.

Electric potential energy

The ability of electrons to do work as they pass through a load.

Coulomb's law

States that an increase in charge results in an increase of electric force, while an increase in distance decreases the electric force between two objects.

Series circuit

A circuit with only one path for current to travel.

Parallel circuit

A circuit with more than one path for current to travel through.

Phantom Load

Electrical energy a device uses when it is turned off.

Renewable resources

Natural materials and energy sources that replenish naturally at a faster rate than they are consumed.

Nitrification

The process when certain bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate.

Nitrogen fixation

A process that makes nitrogen available to plants, part of the nitrogen cycle.

Decomposition

The breaking down of dead organic material by decomposers.

Biomagnification

The increase in concentration of pollutants in organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

Bioaccumulation

The gradual build-up of chemicals or pollutants in the cells and tissues of an organism.

Electrical energy

The rate at which electrical energy is used by a load.

Smart Meter

An electrical energy meter that measures how energy use changes throughout the day.

Natural greenhouse gases

Gases that absorb solar energy in Earth’s atmosphere and contribute to warming.

Kinetic energy

The energy of motion.

Chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds, released during a chemical reaction.

Thermal energy

Energy due to the rapid motion of particles detected as heat.

Electric force

A push or pull between two charged objects, acting at a distance.