anatomy and physiology: exam 1

Organ systems, feedback loops, directional terms, anatomical regions, atoms, chemical bonds, organic molecules, parts of the cell, diffusion, osmosis, passive and active transport, tissues, skin

What is anatomy and physiology?

The study of the structures and functions of the human body

What does anatomy focus on?

The structure, size, location, composition of different parts of human body

What does physiology focus on?

How the different parts of the body function and work together

Cardiovascular system consists of?

Consists of the heart and blood vessels a transport system that moves blood around the body

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

It is a transport system that moves blood around the body, which has nutrients, gases and waste

Muscular system consist of?

Muscles

What is the function of the muscular system?

It is responsible for movements, both voluntary (like moving our body) and involuntary (like intestines moving food and waste)

What is the function of Skeletal system?

It provides structure for the body, protection for our organs and production of blood cells

Skeletal system consists of?

Skeleton (bones)

Integumentary system consist of?

Our skin

What is the function of integumentary system?

Protects our bodies, a waterproof barrier that keeps microbes out and fluids in

Nervous system consists of?

Our nerves

What is the function of the nervous system?

Allows for fast control, to quickly detect and respond to different stimuli

Endocrine system consists of?

glands that release hormones into the blood to regulate bodily functions

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Slowly controlled-Induced changes in different parts of the body like growth

Digestive system consists of?

GI tract, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, anus

What are accessory organs to digestive system?

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What is the function of the digestive system?

Break down food so we our bodies can absorb the nutrients

Respiratory system consits of?

Airways, lungs

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange: oxygen into the blood and CO2 comes out of blood

Reproductive system consits of?

Reproductive organs, both male and female

What is the function of reproductive system?

To procreate

Urinary system consists of?

Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

What is the function of urinary system?

Fluid control and eliminates waste

Immune system consists of?

White blood cells

What is the function of th eimmune system?

Defends us from infecttion

What is the function of feedback loops?

To keep our body at optimal levels

Positive feedback loops:

Deviation from an optimal value becomes more extreme. Ex: contractions happen, oxytocin is released and on and on until birth happens

Negative feedback loops

When an optimal value is deviated, this feedback loop will correct it. Ex: on a hot day, body temperature increases, this will fix it by sweating and bringing temperature down

What are the different components of a negative feedback loop?

Stimulus, Sensor, Control Center, Effector

Stimulus

The initial change from an optimal value

Sensor (or Receptor)

The component that detects the deviation and alerts the control center

Control Center (or Integrator)

Structure that receives the information, compares what optimal value should be, and determines the appropriate response

Effector

Part of body that receives commands from control center and adjusts as needed to return to optimal value

Medial

Midline of the body

Lateral

To the sides of the body. Ex: shoulder are lateral to the sternum

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Towards the feet

Ventral

Or anterior; Front side of the body. Ex: bellybutton

Dorsal

Or posterior: Back of the body

Proximal

Closest to where arm attaches to the torso. Ex: elbow is proximal to fingers

Distal

Further away from where arm attaches to torso. Ex: fingers are distal to the elbow

Superficial

On the surface of the body

Deep

In the middle of the structure. Ex: bones are deep to the skin

Midsagittal slice

Splits the body into equal right and left sections

Coronal section

Divides the body intro a front and back half

Cross section

Divided into top and bottom half

Dorsal cavity

Brain and spinal cord

Cranial cavity

Encases the brain

Vertebral cavity

Encases the spine

Ventral cavity

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, protects the organs

Thoracic cavity

Lungs, heart, esophagus

Abdominal cavity

Stomach, Liver, Spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large, duodenum

Pelvic cavity

reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

Frontal region

Forehead, frontal lobe

Otic region

Ear

Occipital region

Back of the head, occipital bone

Cervical region

Neck, certival vertebrae

Mental region

Chin

Buccal region

Cheek

Fibular region

Lateral side of lower leg

Oral region

Mouth

Nasal region

Nose

Orbital region

Eye

Sternal region

Sternum

Deltioid region

Shoulder

Acromial region

Top of the shoulder

Mammary region

Breasts

Umbilical region

Belly button

Abdominal region

Abdomen

Pubic region

Pubic

inguinal region

groin region where legs meet the torso

Femoral region

Upper leg

Patellar region

knee area

Crural region

front of lower leg

Axillary region

armpit

Brachial region

Upper arm

Olecranal region

back of elbow

Antecubital region

front of elbow

Antebrachial region

forearm as a whole

Carpal region

wrist

Pollex region

thumb

Digital region

all other fingers

Palmar region

palm

Scapular region

shoulder blades are

Vertebral region

where spine is

Sacral region

base of the spine

Gluteal region

Buttocks

Coxal

side of the hip

Popliteal region

back of the knee

Sural region

back of lower leg

Tarsal region

ankle

Calcaneal region

back of the heel

Plantar region

Bottom of the foot

Halux region

Big toe

What are the different parts of an atom?

protons, neutrons and electrons

What's the arrangement of electrons orbiting around the nucleus?

electron shells (or energy levels)

What is an ionic bond?

a chemical connection formed through the attraction between oppositely charged ions

What are some examples of ionic bonds?

Table salt (NaCl)

How does an ionic bond form?

when oppositely charged atoms give each other an electron