APUSH Unit 3_1754-1800

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Also known as the French and Indian War, it was a conflict between the British and the French, along with their respective allies, primarily over territorial disputes in the Ohio River Valley.

George Washington (1732-1799)

A lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia who led a surprise attack on Fort Duquesne in 1754 and played a significant role in the early conflicts of the French and Indian War.

Albany Congress (1754)

A meeting aimed at discussing a unified colonial response to defense, trade, and westward expansion, where Ben Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union.

Peace of Paris (1763)

The treaty that ended the French and Indian War, resulting in Spain ceding Florida to Britain and the French being exiled from North America.

Proclamation Line of 1763

A boundary established by Britain that forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains in response to conflicts with Native Americans.

Taxation without Representation

The colonial grievance against British taxes imposed without colonial representation in Parliament, leading to widespread dissent and protests.

Salutary Neglect

Britain's policy of allowing the colonies to self-govern and evade strict enforcement of trade laws, which fostered a sense of independence among colonists.

Quartering Act of 1756

Legislation that required colonists to provide housing and provisions for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Stamp Act (1765)

A tax imposed on all paper items produced in the colonies, leading to significant colonial opposition and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress.

Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident where British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing four, which fueled anti-British sentiments and protests.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

A protest by the Sons of Liberty where colonists, disguised as Native Americans, dumped 45 tons of British tea into Boston Harbor in response to the Tea Act.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

A series of punitive measures imposed by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party, including the closure of Boston Harbor.

Continental Congress (1774)

A gathering of colonial delegates to discuss responses to British policies and the growing tensions, leading to the formation of militias.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

A final attempt by the Continental Congress to avoid war with Britain by affirming loyalty while requesting redress of grievances.

Common Sense (1776)

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine published in 1776 that argued for independence from Britain and influenced public opinion in favor of the revolutionary cause.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted on July 4, 1776, it formally declared the colonies' independence from Britain.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

The assembly that convened in 1775, which managed the colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence.

Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775)

The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War, occurring on April 19, 1775, marking the outbreak of armed conflict.

Continental Army's Early Struggles (1775)

For the first six months, the Continental Army did not win a single conflict due to being poorly armed, poorly trained, and forced into service.

British Troop Reinforcement (1776)

A British general arrived in New York with 10,000 troops, joined by 60,000 loyalists.

Washington's Strategy (1776)

George Washington waged a war of attrition to draw out battles and tire the British forces.

Freedom Offer to Enslaved Persons (1775)

The British offered freedom to any enslaved person who fought for them, prompting Washington to offer the same.

Crossing the Delaware (1776)

On Christmas Eve in 1776, Washington led his troops across the Delaware River, attacking British soldiers and achieving a victory.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Took place in September 1777; it was a major turning point in the Revolutionary War, leading to French support for the Americans.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

The final battle of the Revolutionary War where Washington dealt a fatal blow to the British, forcing their surrender.

Paris Peace Treaty of 1783

Ended the Revolutionary War and recognized America as an independent nation with the Mississippi River as its western boundary.

Societal Inequality Concerns

The Revolution raised concerns over societal inequality, particularly regarding slavery.

Expansion of Democratic Influence

The Revolution led to greater democratic influence and universal suffrage for white men without ties to nobility.

Women's Roles During the War

Women took over male roles and formed associations like the Ladies Association of Philadelphia to support the war effort.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women needed to be educated on democracy to raise sons who could participate in it.

Influence on Other Revolutions

The American Revolution inspired other movements, including the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution.

Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

The first constitution of the United States, lasting from 1781 to 1789, established a weak central government.

Weakness of the Articles

The Articles created a confederacy where states were sovereign, leading to issues in governance and economic struggles.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Promoted public education, protected private property, abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory, and outlined statehood processes.

Shays's Rebellion (1786)

An uprising of Revolutionary War veterans in Massachusetts that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, resulting in the creation of a new Constitution with a stronger federal government.

Virginia Plan (1787)

Proposed a bicameral legislature with representation based on population, benefiting larger states.

New Jersey Plan (1787)

Proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, benefiting smaller states.

Great Compromise (1787)

Established a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate with equal representation.

Three-Fifths Compromise (1787)

Counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a white person for representation in the House of Representatives.

Electoral College (1787)

A body of representatives from each state that formally elects the president and vice president.

Indirect Democracy

A system where the Founders did not trust the will of everyday people, leading to the establishment of the Electoral College.

Constitution Ratification (1788)

The Constitution became law after being ratified by 9 out of 13 states in mid-1788.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution who believed in a strong federal government and were primarily urban and commercial.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong federal government and the lack of a Bill of Rights.

The Federalist Papers (1787-1788)

A series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to encourage states to ratify the Constitution.

Bill of Rights (1791)

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added after ratification to address concerns about individual liberties.

Federalism

The sharing of power between the national government and state governments.

Supremacy Clause

Article VI of the Constitution stating that federal law is superior to state law.

10th Amendment

An amendment that reserves powers not given to the federal government to the states or the people.

Separation of Powers (1787)

The division of government into three branches (legislative, executive, judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Cabinet (1789)

A group of advisors to the President, composed of heads of executive departments such as Treasury, War, State, and Justice.

Alexander Hamilton (1789)

Secretary of the Treasury under Washington who established a National Bank to unify states and improve credit.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A declaration by Washington in 1793 to maintain neutrality during the French Revolution.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

A treaty with Britain that did not address the seizure of American ships but resulted in Britain agreeing to vacate western frontier posts.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

A treaty with Spain allowing the US to use the port of New Orleans for trade along the Mississippi.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

A conflict where the US Army defeated a confederacy of Indian tribes, leading to the surrender of lands in the Ohio Valley.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

A rebellion by Pennsylvania farmers against a tax on whiskey, quelled by Washington to demonstrate federal authority.

Emergence of Two-Party System (1790s)

The formation of Federalists and Democratic-Republicans as the two main political parties in the US.

XYZ Affair (1797)

A diplomatic incident where French officials demanded a bribe from US delegates, leading to public outrage.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Laws passed by Adams allowing the government to imprison or deport non-citizens and making it illegal to criticize the government.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

Statements asserting that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

Thomas Jefferson (1786)

Author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which defined the separation between church and state.

Ben Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack (1732)

A popular publication that helped shape American identity as industrious and hard-working.

What was the larger global conflict that the French and Indian War was part of?

The Seven Years' War

What territorial disputes led to the start of the French and Indian War?

Disputes in the Ohio River Valley

Who was sent by the Virginia militia to warn the French about encroaching British territory?

George Washington

What was the outcome of Washington's surprise attack on Fort Duquesne?

He initially regained control of the fort, but the French later took it back.

What was the purpose of the Albany Congress?

To discuss a more organized colonial response to frontier defense, trade, and westward expansion.

What plan did Ben Franklin propose at the Albany Congress?

The Albany Plan of Union, which called for a council of representatives from the colonies.

What significant treaty ended the French and Indian War?

The Treaty of Paris in 1763.

What were two main consequences of the French and Indian War?

Increased westward expansion by colonists and a doubled British national debt.

What did the Proclamation Line of 1763 establish?

It forbade colonists from migrating west past the Appalachian Mountains.

What was the British response to the rising costs of maintaining the colonies after the war?

They raised taxes on American colonies.

What was the principle of 'no taxation without representation'?

The belief that it was unfair to impose taxes on colonists who had no representation in Parliament.

What was the purpose of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765?

To petition Britain to repeal the Stamp Act due to taxation without representation.

What act did Britain pass in 1766 after repealing the Stamp Act?

The Declaratory Act.

What were the Townshend Acts and when were they passed?

They were acts passed in 1767 to tax imported items like paper, tea, and glass.

What event is known as the Boston Massacre?

An incident in 1770 where British soldiers shot and killed several colonists during a confrontation.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest in 1773 where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

A series of punitive measures passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party.

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

A final attempt by the colonists to avoid war with Britain by asserting their loyalty while seeking redress of grievances.

Who wrote 'Common Sense' and what was its main argument?

Thomas Paine; it argued for independence from Britain using common language and biblical analogies.

What significant document was drafted during the Second Continental Congress?

The Declaration of Independence.

What was the significance of July 4, 1776?

The Declaration of Independence was made public on this date.

Who was appointed as the general of the Continental Army?

George Washington.

What were the Battles of Lexington and Concord?

The first military clashes of the American Revolutionary War, occurring on April 19, 1775.

What was the impact of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution?

It introduced ideas of liberty, natural rights, and self-rule that influenced colonial thought.

What did John Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government' advocate?

The ideas of consent of the governed and natural rights.

What was Montesquieu's contribution to political thought?

He advocated for separation of powers and checks and balances in government.

What was the state of the Continental Army during the first six months of the Revolutionary War?

The Continental Army did not win a single conflict and was poorly armed and trained.

How many troops did the British general bring to New York?

10,000 troops, supported by 60,000 loyalists.

What strategy did Washington employ against the British?

Washington waged a war of attrition to tire out the British forces.

What offer did the British make to enslaved people during the Revolutionary War?

The British offered freedom to any enslaved person who fought for them.

What significant event occurred on Christmas Eve in 1776?

Washington led his troops across the Delaware River and won a surprise attack against British soldiers.

What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?

It was a major turning point in the Revolutionary War that helped convince France to ally with the Americans.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Yorktown?

It was the final battle of the war, leading to the British surrender.

What did the Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 accomplish?

It ended the war and recognized America as an independent nation with the Mississippi River as its western boundary.

What was the primary concern regarding societal inequality after the Revolution?

There was growing concern over issues such as slavery.

What was the impact of the Revolutionary War on women's roles in society?

Women experienced greater freedom and formed associations to assist with the war effort.