Anatomy 2 Lab Practical Urinalysis and Digestive Enzymes

Glycosuria (definition)

High glucose in urine

Proteinuria (definition)

excess of protein in the urine

Ketonuria (definition)

high levels of ketones in the urine, indicating the body is burning fat for energy instead of glucose

Hematuria (definition)

presence of blood in the urine

Hemoglobinuria (definition)

presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, resulting from intravascular hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells within blood vessels)

Nitrituria (definition)

Bilirubinuria (definition)

presence of bile pigments in urine

Pyuria (definition)

presence of elevated white blood cells (pus) in the urine

Glycosuria (disease)

diabetes mellitus

Protenuria (disease)

kidney disease

Ketonuria (disease)

diabetes ketoacidosis

Hematuria (disease)

kidney stones

hemoglobinuria (disease)

hemolytic anemia

Nitrituria (disease)

bacterial infection (UTI)

Bilirubinuria (disease)

liver disease

Pyuria (disease)

bacterial infection (UTI)

hyperventilation

increase in rate and depth of breathing
Low Blood CO2
High blood pH, dec H+
Kidney excretes HCO3-
Respiratory alkalosis

Hypoventilation (rebreathing)

decrease in rate and depth of breathing, or breathing air that has just been exhaled.
High blood CO2
Decreases blood pH, inc H+
Reabsorption of HCO3-
respiratory acidosis

Urine pH

4.5-8.0, average 6

Urine color

slightly yellow

urine odor

slightly aromatic

urine specific gravity

measures the amount of solutes dissolved in urine
normal range: 1.001-1.035

Urochrome

gives urine yellow pigment

occurs due to degradation of hemoglobin

precursor for this is bilirubin

Hydrometer

devise that measures specific gravity of urine

Amylase

Hydrolyzes starch

Salivary amylase

hydrolyzes starch in mouth

pancreatic amylase

hydrolyzes starch in duodenum of small intestine

Lugol’s Iodine (IKI)

tests for presence of starch
positive result - blue-black color

negative result - brown

benedicts reagent

tests for presence of maltose (product of starch hydrolysis)

positive test - green-orange color

negative test - blue

trypsin

pancreatic enzyme that hydrolyzes protein

pepsin

hydrolyzes proteins in the stomach

BAPNA

tests for trypsin activity, when peptide bond in protein is broken, yellow dye molecule is cleaved and produces color change
positive - yellow color

negative - clear

Lipase

enzyme produced in pancrease that hydrolyzes lipids

found in pancreatin

bile salts

emulsifies lipids before they’re hydrolyzed to increase SA for enzymes to act on

produced by the liver and released into the duodenum

Litmus cream

fat substrate used to test lipid hydrolysis

pancreatin

contains lipase enzyme

Litmus test

if digestion occurs, fatty acid breakdown makes the solution acidic, and litmus detects the pH change

positive result: red/pink color

negative result: blue color