HIST 2110 Final Exam Study Review

This set covers key vocabulary from HIST 2110 regarding the House of Stewart, the English Civil War, European Absolutism, and the Scientific Revolution.

House of Stewart

The royal house that began its reign in England with King James I ($1603-1625$) following the death of 'Good Queen Bess'.

Divine Right of Kings

The political doctrine that monarchs derive their authority from God and are not accountable to any earthly power such as Parliament.

Guy Fawkes Day

Commemorated on November $5, 1605$, it marks the arrest of Catholic conspirators who plotted to blow up the King and the House of Lords.

Thirty Years War

A major conflict ($1618-1648$) between the Lutheran North and Catholic South/House of Hapsburg that resulted in the deaths of $8,000,000$ non-combatants.

Peace of Westphalia

The $1648$ treaty that ended the Thirty Years War, established religious freedom of conscience, and led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire.

Petition of Right

A $1628$ document forced upon King Charles I that prohibited collecting taxes without Parliament's consent and declaring martial law during peacetime.

Ship Money

An ancient tax traditionally paid by coastal counties that Charles I controversially demanded from all counties in $1635$ to raise funds without Parliament.

Long Parliament

The parliamentary session that lasted from $1640-1648$ during the reign of King Charles I.

Cavaliers

The Royalists during the English Civil War, consisting mostly of Catholics, High-Anglicans, aristocrats, and peasants.

Roundheads

The supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War, primarily composed of Puritans and the middle-class gentry led by Oliver Cromwell.

New Model Army

A professional military force created in $1645$ based on merit, mobility, and religious devotion, directed by Oliver Cromwell.

Regicide

The act of killing a king, specifically referring to the trial and execution of King Charles I in $1649$.

Commonwealth

The period beginning in $1649$ during which England was ruled as a republic by a 'Council' and the 'Rump Parliament'.

Damnatio Memoriae

A Latin phrase meaning 'condemnation of memory,' used to describe the exclusion of a person from official historical accounts.

Thomas Hobbes

The author of 'Leviathan' ($1588-1679$) who argued that human nature is cruel and life without powerful government is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.

Cardinal Richelieu

The Minister to Louis XIII from $1624-1642$ who promoted absolute monarchy and prioritized French interests during the Thirty Years War.

Louis XIV

Known as the 'Sun King,' he ruled France for $72$ years ($1643-1715$) and famously declared 'I am the state'.

Mercantilism

An economic theory where the 'Mother Country' uses colonial resources to promote political stability and provides manufactured goods in return.

Fluyt

A Dutch ship design that was highly seaworthy and enabled the Dutch to haul $50\%$ of all European global trade by $1670$.

Frederick William I

Known as 'The Soldier King,' he ruled Prussia from $1713-1740$ as part of the House of Hohenzollern.

Ivan the 'Awesome'

The Russian ruler ($1533-1584$) who established Moscow as the capital and placed the Russian Orthodox Church under his authority.

Peter the Great

The Tsar ($1682-1725$) who westernized Russia, modernized its military, and founded Saint Petersburg in $1703$.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The scientist ($1472-1543$) who proposed a Heliocentric Universe model with the sun at the center of the system.

Johannes Kepler

A mathematician and astronomer ($1571-1630$) who proved that planetary orbits are elliptical rather than circular.

Isaac Newton

The 'Father of Physics' ($1643-1727$) who developed calculus and formulated the Three Laws of Motion.

Cogito Ergo Sum

The philosophical statement by René Descartes meaning 'I think, therefore I am,' found in his 'Discourse on Method'.

Pascal's Wager

An argument by Blaise Pascal suggesting that belief in God is a rational 'bet' when considering the consequences of eternity.

Sir Francis Bacon

The philosopher ($1561-1626$) who championed empiricism and the development of the Scientific Method.