Advanced U.S. History 102 - Final Exam Study Guide

A comprehensive practice guide for the Advanced U.S. History 102 Final Exam, based on the course study guide.

Under Lincoln’s Reconstruction Act, what did Southerners have to do in addition to taking an oath of loyalty to the United States to receive a pardon?

Accept slavery had ended

What problems caused President Grant’s second term to suffer besides scandal?

Nation’s depression

What does the 13th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibit?

Slavery

Did Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan want reconciliation or punishment for the South?

Reconciliation

The Comstock Lode was a rich deposit of what?

Silver

In the early 1800’s, why did Americans think cattle ranches on the Great Plains were not practical?

Eastern cattle could not survive on the tough prairie grasses

What was the primary purpose of the Chisholm Trail?

Cowboys used to drive cattle to the railroad line

The Homestead Act gave land to homesteaders if they agreed to do what for five years?

Live on it

What was the historical significance of vaqueros?

They taught their trade to American Cowboys

Why did the army encourage the killing of buffalo?

Force Native Americans onto reservations

What occurrence caused the settlement of Colorado, Arizona, and Montana?

Arrival of many miners

The slogan “Rain follows the plow” was meant to do what?

Suggest to people that human settlement can change the weather

What was the effect of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?

The previous policy of assimilation was reversed

Laissez-faire relies on what to regulate prices and wages?

The Free Market

During the early days of industrialization, why did many congressmen believe tariffs were necessary?

To protect industry from foreign companies

Where did the Central Pacific Railroad hire about 10,000 workers from due to a labor shortage?

China

What two railroads built the transcontinental railroad?

Union Pacific and the Central Pacific

What is it called when a single company achieves control of an entire market?

A monopoly

What financial benefit does issuing stocks provide to companies besides making large sums of money?

Spreading out the financial risk

How did employers generally view unions?

Conspiracies that interfered with property rights

What are “Closed Shops?”

Businesses can only hire union workers

Why did many labor unions oppose immigration?

Would work for lower wages

Which philosophy stated that Americans with a great deal of money should use it for social progress?

Gospel of Wealth

What did Nativists want in terms of immigration?

Limit or cutoff immigration

Political machines provided services for the poor in exchange for what?

Votes

Who fueled American support for Cuban rebels during the Spanish American War?

Sensational stories published by rivaling newspapers

Why did President William McKinley send the battleship Maine to Havana?

To evacuate Americans if necessary

How did Theodore Roosevelt FIRST become president?

When McKinley was assassinated

What was the purpose of the “Open Door” policy?

To ensure trading rights with China

What is it referred to as when a strong nation has economic and political domination over a weaker nation?

Imperialism

What is a common belief of socialists?

Government ownership of business

Why did Theodore Roosevelt try to defeat William Howard Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912?

Taft had failed to live up to progressive ideals

What happens in a direct primary?

All party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election

What resulted from the Triangle Shirtwaist Company tragedy?

Building codes requiring fire escapes

Progressivism was partly a result of what type of economics?

Laissez-faire

What was the name given to journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption?

Muckrakers

What progressive reform allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official?

Recall

What was the name of President Wilson’s peace plan following WWI?

Fourteen Points

What three countries made up the Triple Entente?

Britain, France, and Russia

What event touched off the FIRST declaration of war in WWI?

The assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

Which war was the first in which women “officially” served in the armed forces?

WWI

The Big Four leaders at the peace conference following WWI were from which countries?

United States, Britain, France, Italy

The Treaty of Versailles stated that what country must admit guilt for causing WWI?

Germany

According to the Zimmerman telegram, what would Germany help Mexico with if Mexico allied with Germany?

Regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

What event caused Britain to enter WWI?

German troops crossed into Belgium

During WWI, what group took power in Russia and established a communist government?

Bolsheviks

How did Henry Ford’s system for making cars increase efficiency?

By dividing operations into simple tasks

What was the flowering of African American arts in the 1920’s known as?

Harlem Renaissance

In the Teapot Dome Scandal, what did Albert B. Fall receive bribes for?

Allowing private interests to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves

After WWI, how did most Americans want to avoid future wars?

Avoiding involvement in foreign affairs

What was the purpose of the Volstead Act?

Enforce prohibition

The golden age of Hollywood began in 1927 with the release of the first what?

Talking motion picture

Why did stock prices first begin to decline in late 1929?

Several companies went bankrupt

During the Great Depression, what happened to an investor's money when a bank collapsed?

Depositors lost their savings

What were the communities of shacks built by newly homeless people during the Great Depression called?

Hoovervilles

Who did President Hoover want to provide relief instead of the Federal government?

State and local governments

To fight the Depression, what did FDR first set out to do?

Restore confidence in the banks

What did Congress do to regulate the stock market?

Created the Securities and Exchange Commission

On what did Roosevelt’s advisers generally agree despite specific disagreements?

Intervention in the economy

FDR’s policies for ending the Depression became known as what?

New Deal

What were the direct radio addresses by FDR to the American people called?

Fireside chats

What were the two primary causes of the rise of dictatorships after WWI?

The peace treaty and economic depression

Why did Stalin agree to a nonaggression treaty with Germany?

He believed it would turn Germany against Britain and France and keep him safe

What did the Nuremberg Laws do?

Took citizenship away from Jewish Germans

What was the plan of the Nazi’s “Final Solution?”

Exterminate Europe’s Jews

What policy by Britain and France gave in to Hitler’s demands?

Appeasement

Why did Americans buy over $150 billion worth of bonds during WWII?

Lend the government money to fight the war

Why was Iwo Jima an important objective for the American military?

U.S. planes could bomb Japan from there

At the Tehran Conference, what did FDR and Stalin agree to divide after the war?

Germany

What was the name of the secret program to build an atomic bomb?

Manhattan Project

What was the purpose of the Nuremberg Trials?

Punish German war leaders for war crimes

What was Rosie the Riveter a symbol of?

Campaign to hire women to work in factories during the war

Truman said the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan were essential for what?

Containment

What were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg charged with?

Passing atomic secrets to the Soviets

Why did Joseph McCarthy create a media frenzy?

He said he had a list of Communists employed in the State Department

At Yalta, what did leaders agree to do with Germany?

Divide Germany among the four allied powers

Why was NATO formed?

Mutual defense for the West

What was Sputnik?

Soviet satellite

As a result of the G.I. Bill, what did returning soldiers receive?

Low interest loans to buy homes

What was Kennedy’s legislative agenda called?

New Frontier

During the space race, what was Kennedy’s goal for America?

Land a man on the moon

What was the purpose of the Warren Commission?

Investigate allegations of a conspiracy in the Kennedy Assassination

Which event contributed mostly to Nikita Khrushchev’s fall from power in 1964?

Cuban Missile Crisis

In response to the arrest of Rosa Parks, what did African Americans organize?

A bus boycott

What primary advantage did President Johnson have over JFK in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Intimate knowledge of how Congress works

What was the purpose of the Selma March?

Voting rights for African Americans

What doctrine had the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established?

The separate-but-equal doctrine

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. believed the way to end segregation was to do what?

Nonviolent passive resistance

What milestone did Thurgood Marshall reach in 1967?

Became the first Supreme Court justice

Why did President Johnson refuse to order a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam?

Fear that it would bring China into the war

In 1968, where did antiwar protesters and police clash?

Outside the Democratic National Convention

What belief suggested that if Vietnam fell to communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would follow?

Domino theory

What was the jellied gasoline explosive used by Americans in Vietnam?

Napalm

What do supply-side economists believe tax cuts will result in?

Business expansion and new jobs

What foreign policy did Ronald Reagan follow?

Peace through strength

What was the primary reason for the collapse of the Soviet economy?

Inefficient central planning and huge expenditures on the arms race

What did Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative call for?

Development of weapons that could destroy incoming missiles

How did terrorists carry out the attacks on September 11, 2001?

Hijacking airplanes

How did Richard Nixon win Southern support in the 1968 election?

Promising to appoint a Southerner to the Supreme Court

What does evidence show that Nixon ordered during Watergate?

A Cover-up