Cartilages & Bones

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from the lectures on the structure and functions of cartilages and bones in the human body.

Chondro

Cartilage

Osteo

Bone

Haima (heme)

Blood

Blast

Germ, to make

Klastos

Broken

Cyte

Cell

Peri

Around

Endo

Within

Canalis

Canal

Lamina

Plate, leaf, thin layer

Lysis

Dissolution, splitting, loosening

Skeletal System

An organ system with tissues that grow and change throughout life.

Chondroblasts

Cells that produce the cartilage matrix.

Chondrocytes

Cells surrounded by matrix, occupy small spaces called lacunae.

Functions of Cartilage

1. Supporting soft tissues 2. Gliding surface at articulations 3. Precursor model for bone growth.

Interstitial Growth

Growth from within the cartilage.

Appositional Growth

Growth along the cartilage periphery.

Bone Functions

1. Support and protection 2. Leverage & movement 3. Hemopoiesis 4. Storage of mineral and energy reserves.

Diaphysis

Elongated, cylindrical shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

Knobby, enlarged regions at each end of a long bone.

Metaphysis

Region between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains epiphyseal plate.

Articular Cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis.

Medullary Cavity

Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow.

Endosteum

Covers most internal surfaces of bones.

Periosteum

Dense irregular connective tissue covering external surfaces of bones.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum.

Osteoblasts

Cells that form bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells that dissolve calcified matrix.

Bone Matrix Components

1. Organic components: Cells, collagen fibers. 2. Inorganic components: Hydroxyapatite.

Compact Bone

Solid and relatively dense bone, exterior surfaces of long and flat bones.

Spongy Bone

Open lattice of narrow plates called trabeculae.

Osteon

Basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone.

Central Canal

At the center of osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves.

Lamellae

Rings of bone around the central canal.

Canaliculi

Tiny, interconnecting channels within bone.

Ossification

The formation and development of bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

Develops from mesenchyme to produce flat bones of the skull.

Endochondral Ossification

Begins with hyaline cartilage model to produce majority of bones in the body.

Growth Plate

Site of interstitial growth consisting of five zones.

Zone of Resting Cartilage

Farthest from medullary cavity, nearest to epiphysis.

Zone of Proliferating Cartilage

Rapid mitotic cell division occurs.

Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage

Chondrocytes cease dividing and enlarge.

Zone of Calcified Cartilage

Deposited minerals kill chondrocytes.

Zone of Ossification

Channels formed by breaking down walls between lacunae.

Homeostasis of Bone Tissue

Bone remodeling occurs throughout life.

Bone Resorption

The action of osteoclasts.

Bone Deposition

The action of osteoblasts.

Aging Effects on Bone

Loss of organic matrix and minerals leading to brittleness.

Osteopenia

Loss of bone density and strength.

Fracture Repair Stages

1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Hard callus forms 4. Remodeling occurs.

Types of Bone Fractures

Include Comminuted, Greenstick, Compound, and others.