Defining Psychological Treatment/Intervention

Psychotherapy

This refers to methods of inducing changes in a person's behavior, thoughts, or feelings with the aim of improving their mental or physical health and related functioning.

Psychotherapy

This involves intervention in the context of a confidential professional relationship initiated by the client or the client's guardians.

Early Definition of Psychotherapy

This is a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained, socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer.

healer

During psychotherapy the ______ seeks to relieve the sufferer’s distress and disability through symbolic communications, primarily words but also sometimes bodily activities.

True

True or False: The healer may or may not involve the patient's relatives and others in the healing rituals.

False

True or False: Psychotherapy doesn’t include helping the patient to accept and endure suffering as an inevitable aspect of life that can be used as an opportunity for personal growth.

Psychological Treatment

We use this treatment when referring to interventions that are: derived from psychological science

Psychological Treatment

We use this treatment when referring to interventions that are: tailored to the psychological processes that cause and maintain particular problems and disorders

Psychological Treatment

We use this treatment when referring to interventions that are: shown to work in controlled treatment outcome studies

Major Approaches to Psychological Treatment

behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, dialectical, mindfulness/acceptance, psychodynamic, and client-centered (humanistic)

Behavioral Approach

Uses techniques derived from learning theory to modify behaviors associated with target problems.

Cognitive-behavioral Approach

Focuses on identifying and modifying maladaptive thinking and behavior patterns that maintain target problems.

Dialectical Approach

Focuses on developing skills for coping with stress, regulating strong emotions, and improving relationships with others.

Mindfulness/Acceptance Approach

Uses metaphors and experiential exercises based on relational frame theory to promote a healthier relationship with unwanted thoughts and feelings.

Psychodynamic Approach

Focuses on gaining insight into unconscious psychological forces thought to underlie target problems.

Client-centered (Humanistic)

Uses the client-therapist relationship and unconditional positive regard to promote full growth potential.

Common Therapeutic Factors

These are factors in psychotherapy are elements shared across various therapeutic approaches that contribute to their effectiveness; while specific techniques may vary, these underlying factors are believed to play a crucial role in positive outcomes. also called as nonspecific factors

Extratherapeutic Factors

These factors refer to elements outside of the therapy session that can influence a client's progress, such as personal characteristics and environmental support.

Extratherapeutic Factors

Severity of Disturbance, Psychological-Mindedness, and Social Support Available to the Client is an example of what therapeutic factor?

Therapeutic Relationship

This is a broad term used to refer to many different factors that contribute to rapport and a positive working relationship between therapist and client.

Carl Rogers

He identified 3 essential components of therapeutic relationship.

Three Essential Components of Therapeutic Relationship

Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Empathic Understanding

Congruence

An essential element of therapeutic relationship which one should be genuine and authentic

Unconditional Positive Regard

An essential element of therapeutic relationship which the therapist should accept the client without judgement

Empathic Understanding

An essential element of therapeutic relationship which the therapist is relating to the client's feelings and experiences

Expectancy

This is a client's belief that therapy will be helpful and lead to positive outcomes.

Expectancy

Therapy provides a framework and rationale for improvement.

Instills optimism and belief in positive change.

Specific Techniques or Factors

These refer to theories and techniques that are unique and particular to a specific type of therapy.

distinctive elements

Specific factors emphasize that it's the _____________ of a therapy, rather than shared elements, that are the key drivers of change.

Specific Techniques

Idea that a therapist's interventions, guided by a particular theory, directly lead to changes in the psychological processes that cause or maintain the problem.

Extratherapeutic Factors (40%)

Which factor do you think have the largest effect on therapeutic outcomes?

Therapy Relationship (30%)

Which factor do you think have the 2nd largest effect on therapeutic outcomes?

Specific Techniques (15%) and Expectation (15%)

Which factor do you think have the 3rd largest effect on therapeutic outcomes?

Interactional Perspective

This perspective emphasizes that specific and common factors are NOT independent entities but rather INTERDEPENDENT elements of effective therapy

Interactional Perspective

This reconciles the two by rejecting the idea that one is more important than the other, instead highlighting that they influence and rely on each other.

Specific Techniques

Most effective within the context of a strong therapeutic alliance (a common factor).

Relational Context

This reconciliation occurs because it acknowledges that the "active ingredients" of therapy are not solely the techniques themselves but also the ________________ in which they are delivered and received.

1st Step of Psychological Treatment

Initial Contact

2nd Step of Psychological Treatment

Assessment, Conceptualization, and Treatment Planning

3rd Step of Psychological Treatment

Implementing Treatment

Psychoeducation

Managing Emotional Distress

Assigning Work and Practice Between Sessions

Fostering Optimism and Self-Efficacy

This is under Implementing Treatment (Step 3)

4th Step of Psychological Treatment

Termination, Evaluation, and Follow-Up

Evidence-Based Treatment (EBT)

Refers to psychological interventions or techniques that have demonstrated beneficial effects in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP):

Is a broader category that includes treatments informed by: Scientific evidence about the intervention (i.e., EBT), Clinical Expertise, and Client Needs and Preferences