Medieval Europe Exam 2

The Danelaw, England

territory Alfred granted to the vikings

• makes a deal with vikings if they stop raiding and convert to christianity

• example of giving land for peace

Duke Rollo of Normandy: r. 911-932

• raider that causes havoc → became first ruler of Normandy

• accepted Frankish territory and christianity in exchange for peace and land for his followers.

Normans, Normandy

• vikings need to stop raiding

• methods have failed

• vikings take normandy

Scandinavian Earls

nobles within the vikings

• pay them off → reciprocity

Harald Bluetooth, King of the Danes: r. 958-987

• the jelling monuments: commissioned by Harald Bluetooth in memory of his father, king Gorm and mother Thyre

• interested in dynasty

• uses christianity to bring people under his power

• authoritative rule (taxation, threats, etc.)

Olaf Tryggvason, King of the Norwegians: r. 995-1000

• invested in political and religion aspect

• bishops he put into power helped him govern

Commonwealth of Iceland

kings in Scandinavia were getting oppressive

• lots of wealthy landowners abandoned Scandinavia

• moved to Iceland and decided no king

• rich people lived here, only elites making decisions

• collective governance

Althing

big council in Iceland

• converted to christianity

Old Norse Sagas

vernacular narratives

• language: norse - for Scandinavia

• danish and norwegian

Vinland

explored Canada

• named after grapes “Wineland”

• explored by vikings

• first contact with america

Swein Forkbeard, King of Denmark: r. 987-1014

• son of Harold

• started to raid outside scandinavia

• second wave of viking attacks

• raids became king led

• 1013-1014: comes to power when Ethelred leaves and rules England…then dies

• spends time raiding and pillaging his people

Ethelred II “the Unready,” King of England: r. 978-1016

• vikings are getting more and more aggressive

• asks God for help

• law code: mixes religion with secular mandates

• 1012: archbishop of canterbury is killed by vikings

• 1013: driven out of kingdom and flees to normandy

• 1014-1016: comes back from exile and reigned for 2 years…and died

Cnut of Denmark, King of England: r. 1017-1035

• raided with Swein Forkbeard

• 1016: fights Ethelred’s son and English nobles

• makes coins and laws in old english

• executes leading nobles that caused issues

Emma of Normandy, Queen of England: c. 984-1052

• queen of England for 33 years and then queen mother of England for 12 years

• stepmother, mother, wife, and widow

Bayeux Tapestry: 1080s

• depicts the 1066 Norman Conquest of England

• embroidered in England in 1080s

St. Edward “the Confessor,” King of England: r. 1042-1066

• part of Norman Conquest of England

• descendant of Alfred the king

• grew up in normandy, when he died without children it wasn’t clear who would succeed him

Harold Godwinson, King of England: r. 1066-1066

• gets crown after Edward

• dies at the Battle of Hasting

William “the B word” of Normandy, King of England: r. 1066-1087

• his army plans to invade England

• battle of Hastings, kills Harold and is crowned king

Battle of Stamford Bridge : September 25, 1066

• Harold defeats his brother Tostig and the king of Norway

• fighting a revolution from his own brother

• lost the next battle

Battle of Hastings : October 14, 1066

• battle between Harold and William for the crown

• William wins

• transitions from English to normal rule

chivalry

code and behavior expected by knights

• loyalty: be faithful to the lords

• bravery in battle

• religious devotion

• courtly behavior

chivalric warfare

• horse-mounted warfare

• handbook of chivalry: be a good warrior

• fight effectively, honor, behave well

stirrup

enabled fighting on horseback

crouched lance

hold under arm pit to make the horse, man, and spear one weapon

tournament

chivalric practice fights

honor

a good thing to have so others look up to you

• intangible currency

ransom

refusing ransom → shame

paying ransom → preserving honor

• for elites only

King Arthur: based on a sub roman british leader

• perfect chivalric king

• Arthur’s court: round table where arthur wanted everyone to be equal

• arthurian society → idea of equity and no hierarchy

Knights of the Round Table

group of legendary knights who served King Arthur in the stories of Arthurian legend; said to gather at a special round table in Arthur’s court @ Camelot

• round table, no head

• equal in honor and status

courtly love

romantic love

• lady should be perfect

• lady should be unattainable

• both lovers should be loyal

Andreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtly Love: 1180s

book about what love is and what it should be

• love = inborn suffering

• love cant exist without meditation and individual effort

• man falls in love with image of a woman

• true love is honorable and endorsed by god

troubadour

travelled from court to court and sang chivalric songs for money

• sang earliest songs that survived for a while

• influenced by arabic love songs

Duke William IX of Aquitaine: d. 1127

• first known troubadour

• common to want sex in troubadour lyrics

• dirty lyrics

• chivalry idealization

Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine and Queen of England: c. 1122-1204

• first woman to rule Aquitaine

• April 1137: death of William IX

• July 1137: marriage of Eleanor and Louis

• August 1137: death of the king of France and coronation of Louis VII and Eleanor

• both families were trying to get more power, political tension in the marriage

• 1152: Eleanor and Louis divorce

• married Henry, son of the Court of Anjou and grandson of an earlier king

• put Eleanor back in royal cycle

King Richard I “the Lionheart” of England: r. 1189-1199

• crusader king

• captured on the way for crusade and held ransom

• responsible for success of third crusade

Angevin Dynasty of England

• rule england

• Eleanor and Henry II

• Henry and his sons (Richard and John) inherited the English throne

• by 12th century, they become their strongest because Henry consolidates their power

• after Richard is captured for ransom, they decline after losing money

Capetian Dynasty of France

• rule france

• Eleanor and Louis rule this

• super weak and power is symbolic

• noble family who got crown but nothing to back up

• gets powerful in 12th century

• competes with kings of england

• Philip Augustus and Louis IV

Central Middle Ages: c. 900-1200

• chivalry, idea of crusading, fragmentation and realignment

• government getting stronger

Eleanor of Aquitaine: c.1122-1204

• holds kingdom together

• responsible for getting ransom money together

• negotiates to get Richard released

• strong, stable royal power

• strategic marriages

• international politics

Duke Henry “the Lion” of Saxony, Germany: d.1195

• fredrick calls henry to come in a court of law

• Henry no show

• fredrick imposes consequences on him

Emperor Fredrick I “Barbarossa” of Germany: r.1152-1190

• king and emperor of germany

• gets in fight with Henry the lion

• uses social organization and feudalism to quash henry

• exiles Henry

Norman Kingdom of Sicily

• ruled by muslims and muslim territory

• gets reconquered over and over again

St. James the Apostle: d. 44 CE

• the scallop shell → primary symbol of the Camino de Santiago

• saint who is buried at Santiago de Compostela

Santiago de Compostela

• one of the most important pilgrimage sites

• St. James the greater is thought to be buried there

• church built on that site became a desire for tourists

• camino de santiago: the way of st. James → pilgrimage route to Santiago

pilgrimage

physically demanding journey to a holy site, shrine, or site of relics undertaken for spiritual, devotional, or penance reasons

penance

ritual act of Christian atonement

• wartime penance from battle of Hastings said that those who kill a man must do penance

• from a papal decree

Reconquista

Christian attempt to reconquer Islamic Spain

Church of the Holy Sepulcher

• believed to be built on the crucifixion site

• gives materiality to what people could read or learn

Seljuk Turks

• territorial expansion westward

• 1070s: began conquering parts of Byzantium

Battle of Manzikert: 1071

• Seljuk Turks defeats Byzantine armies, led by emperor Romanus IV

• huge loss of territory and influence

• existential threat bc army has been wiped out

Great Schism: 1054

• formal split between Roman and Byzantine Church

• Byzantine emperor says the pope’s claims are ridiculous

• byzantine emperor laughs

• 1054: patriarch of Constantinople refused to submit to papal authority

Emperor Alexius I of Byzantium: r. 1081-1118

• called pope to send mercenaries to ward of turks

• got crusaders

Pope Urban II: r. 1088-1099

• preached the first crusade

• go to Byzantium to save the day

• visited Cluny and consecrated a new abbey church

Council of Clermont: 1095

• pope urban II preached 1st crudafe

• we see groups of feudal lords and vassals in a loose cluster

• nobody wrote down urban’s speech

crusade

• push to take back something

• campaign for change

• expanding ideology

Peter the Hermit: helped initiate the “people’s crusade” in april 1096

• even though they have their eye on Jerusalem, they wanted to protect Christianity

• deserted the crusades but got caught

People’s Crusade: 1096

• they try to implement crusading violence

• killed Jews in Europe that were living under king’s protection

• feud style revenge

• economic problem

First Crusade: 1096-1099

• the mission: secure Constantinople and then capture Jerusalem

• gets highest elites of armies and throws them a feast

• emperor Alexius locks the door and makes them agree to swear fealty to him and return any captured Byzantine empire

• did not return the territory

• 1098: Count Baldwin of Bolougne became Count of Edessa

Latins: another name for crusaders

• latins or franks

The Holy Lance: discovered by Crusaders in Antioch

• spear believed to go through Christ’s side

• crucifixion relic

The Siege of Antioch: 1097-1098

• 1097: latin army gets to Jerusalem

• Alexius sends negotiators who make a deal to have peace with everyone except crusaders

• crusaders leave across Asia to Antioch and stayed there for a year but cannot capture them

• bribed guards to get in and killed everyone but then got engulfed by a Seljuk army

Siege of Jerusalem: 13-15 July 1099

• 635 → Jerusalem conquered

• 751 → ruled by Abbasid Caliphate of Damascus

• 970 → conquered by Fatmid

• war machines at the siege of jerusalem

• crusaders attacking

Crusader States: counties created by colonists

• new crusaders keep coming back

• Acre, Odessa, Jerusalem

Second Crusade: 1145-1148

• crusader state of Edessa fell to muslim forces

• pope Eugene called this crusade

• led by Louis VII and Conrad III

• armies badly defeated in Anatolia → chose to attack Damascus (1148)

• attack was poorly planned and quickly failed

• no land regained and no major victories

Cistercian Monasticism

• strict, simpler version of rule of st. benedict

• extreme simplicity, manual labor, isolation, and self-sufficiency

• Bernard of Clairvaux

• one of the most powerful and widespread monastic movements

Bernard of Clairvaux: c. 1090-1153

• preacher, scholar, and cistercian monk

• monastery of Clairvaux: founded in 1115

• wrote “in praise of the new knighthood”

• ties into intellectual trends and crusading ideology

Count Raymond of Toulouse: d. 1105

• after Antioch, he brings 1st crusade to Jerusalem

• only real leader of first crusade

• declines to be king

Count Godfrey of Bouillon, protector of Jerusalem; r. 1099-1100

• “protector of the holy sepulcher”

• accepts rulership of jerusalem

• lord protector

Baldwin, Count of Boulogne & Edessa, King of Jerusalem: r. 1100-1118

• first crusader to take land (Odessa)

• invite him to be king and he says yes

• start to see 3rd wave crusaders

• tried to create stability with neighboring populations

Count Stephen of Blois: d. 1102

• wrote letter to wife

• symbolizes the way everyone lost interest in the crusade

• one of the people who deserted crusade but wife sent him back

Ibn al-Athir, “the first crusade” → early 13th century

wrote by Stephen of Blois

Knights Templar

• got recruitment and funds to function in their role as defenders

• fought in battles and protected christians on journeys like jerusalem

• take vows like monks but they’re also knights

“Second Crusade” : 1145-1148

• called by pope Eugenius III, but Bernard of Clairvaux preached and convinced everyone

• you will go to heaven if you do this

• fails to take damascus

• expanded the idea of holy war

Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin): r. 1171-1193

• divides his land for others then go to conquer more territory

• everyone must believe in God

• mission of vengeance

• agrees to give Richard and Philip Acre for hostages and ransom

• reconquering territory, rallying Islamic armies against crusaders

Richard I of England: r. 1189-1199

• makes peace treaty with Philip II Augustus

• makes oath he will take the cross

• set out together → third crusade

• lost in Jerusalem and left

Philip II Augustus of France: r. 1180-1223

• makes peace treaty with richard

• makes oath he will take the cross

• set out together → third crusade

Pope Innocent III: r. 1198-1216

• transforms christian practice with individuality at its core

• called the 4th lateran council with all bishops

• issued canon law → law of the church

• canons: individual clauses of canon law

• lay people must do confession and penance once a year

• must attend mass and receive eucharist once a year

• must believe in transubstantiation

Second Crusade: 1145-1148

• led by Western European royalty

• set stage for kings and princes to establish their name

Third Crusade: 1187-1193

• kings finally get it right

• pope comes in and makes peace treaty with two kings

• had enormous support

• found Acre and couldn’t take it until Richard did in July

• under pressure from Richard’s own men they try to take Jerusalem, but was not able to take it

• abandoned crusade

Battle of Hattin: 1187

• July 4, 1187

• Saladin shows up with 30,000 men and latin men in crusading states come to meet him (20,000)

• one sided victory, latin men are crushed

• Saladin goes and takes territory after territory

• October 1187 he takes Jerusalem

Massacre @ Acre: 1191

• town of acre surrendered which meant they should be free

• deal went wrong and Richard and Philip killed almost 3000 people

• Saladin stalled on giving money so they decided kill everyone

Exegesis

• explanation or interpretation of a text, especially of scriptire

• drawing out meanings through the interpretation of biblical texts

Transubstantiation

belief that eucharistic bread and wine transformed into the liberal body and blood of christ

7 liberal arts: trivium & quadrivium

• key areas of Medieval Latin learning

• trivium: grammar, rhetoric, logic

• quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy

arabic numerals

• 1, 2, 3, 4

• when we start getting diagrams, we also get navigation

• expanding mathematical knowledge and way we get around the world

University of Bologna

• specialized in study of law

• canon law

• first European university

Canon law: the law of the church

• governs internal matters and spiritual organizations

• canons: individual clauses of canon law

Gratian, Decretum: c. 1140 : goal was to take points of disagreement and find out what was untrue of them

• make canons orderly

• interacting with texts in a new way

• trying to come up with new interpretations

manors: serfs working manorial land

• serfs @ bottom of pyramid

• technological advances in agriculture

• new methods to clear land and claim swaps

• food could be produced more broadly, standard of living rose

• serfs can sell or barter for local supplies to get luxury goods

fairs

• megamarkets

• monasteries like the abbey of st. dennis

• major annual events with traders and luxury goods

dialectic method: popularized by Peter Abelard at University of Paris

method of scholarship focused on logical examination of problems and answers

Peter Abelard : 1079-1142

• scholar and teacher in paris

• saw questions as most important part of learning

• history of misfortune

• tells audience about love affair

• has child with Heloise and gets castrated

Heloise: c. 1100-1163

• Peter got her pregnant

• his student

• wrote love letters to Peter but never lived together

Romanesque: type of style

• carved columns and ribbed vault

• curved columns and windows

Cruciform church

shaped like a cross

tympanum

semicircular carving above a door

plainchant (a.k.a. gregorian chant)

• sung in unison, with a single melodic line

polyphony

multiple voices singing in different lines

• chant for the feast of usual, composed by Hildegard von Bingen in later 12th century

motet: a type of polyphonic song

• each voice sings its own melody

• development of music is like mathematics bc with recordings we can discover new things

gothic

• originated in 12th century

• similar to roman architecture

• towers, columns

• abott suger

• pointy columns and arches